Patrick Gallinari


2024

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LOCOST: State-Space Models for Long Document Abstractive Summarization
Florian Le Bronnec | Song Duong | Mathieu Ravaut | Alexandre Allauzen | Nancy Chen | Vincent Guigue | Alberto Lumbreras | Laure Soulier | Patrick Gallinari
Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)

State-space models are a low-complexity alternative to transformers for encoding long sequences and capturing long-term dependencies. We propose LOCOST: an encoder-decoder architecture based on state-space models for conditional text generation with long context inputs. With a computational complexity of đť’Ş(L log L), this architecture can handle significantly longer sequences than state-of-the-art models that are based on sparse attention patterns. We evaluate our model on a series of long document abstractive summarization tasks. The model reaches a performance level that is 93-96% comparable to the top-performing sparse transformers of the same size while saving up to 50% memory during training and up to 87% during inference. Additionally, LOCOST effectively handles input texts exceeding 600K tokens at inference time, setting new state-of-the-art results on full-book summarization and opening new perspectives for long input processing.

2023

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Enhancing factualness and controllability of Data-to-Text Generation via data Views and constraints
Craig Thomson | Clement Rebuffel | Ehud Reiter | Laure Soulier | Somayajulu Sripada | Patrick Gallinari
Proceedings of the 16th International Natural Language Generation Conference

Neural data-to-text systems lack the control and factual accuracy required to generate useful and insightful summaries of multidimensional data. We propose a solution in the form of data views, where each view describes an entity and its attributes along specific dimensions. A sequence of views can then be used as a high-level schema for document planning, with the neural model handling the complexities of micro-planning and surface realization. We show that our view-based system retains factual accuracy while offering high-level control of output that can be tailored based on user preference or other norms within the domain.

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Evaluating the Generalization Property of Prefix-based Methods for Data-to-text Generation
Clarine Vongpaseut | Alberto Lumbreras | Mike Gartrell | Patrick Gallinari
Actes de CORIA-TALN 2023. Actes de la 30e Conférence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles (TALN), volume 2 : travaux de recherche originaux -- articles courts

Fine-tuning is the prevalent paradigm to adapt pre-trained language models to downstream tasks. Lightweight fine-tuning methods, such as prefix-tuning, only tune a small set of parameters which alleviates cost. Such methods were shown to achieve results similar to fine-tuning; however, performance can decrease when the inputs get farther from the training domain. Moreover, latest works questioned the efficiency of recent lightweight fine-tuning techniques depending on the task and the size of the model. In this paper, we propose to evaluate the generalization property of prefix-based methods depending on the size of the pre-trained language model in the multi-domain setting on data-to-text generation. We found that their performance depends heavily on the size of the model.

2021

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QuestEval: Summarization Asks for Fact-based Evaluation
Thomas Scialom | Paul-Alexis Dray | Sylvain Lamprier | Benjamin Piwowarski | Jacopo Staiano | Alex Wang | Patrick Gallinari
Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

Summarization evaluation remains an open research problem: current metrics such as ROUGE are known to be limited and to correlate poorly with human judgments. To alleviate this issue, recent work has proposed evaluation metrics which rely on question answering models to assess whether a summary contains all the relevant information in its source document. Though promising, the proposed approaches have so far failed to correlate better than ROUGE with human judgments. In this paper, we extend previous approaches and propose a unified framework, named QuestEval. In contrast to established metrics such as ROUGE or BERTScore, QuestEval does not require any ground-truth reference. Nonetheless, QuestEval substantially improves the correlation with human judgments over four evaluation dimensions (consistency, coherence, fluency, and relevance), as shown in extensive experiments.

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Data-QuestEval: A Referenceless Metric for Data-to-Text Semantic Evaluation
Clement Rebuffel | Thomas Scialom | Laure Soulier | Benjamin Piwowarski | Sylvain Lamprier | Jacopo Staiano | Geoffrey Scoutheeten | Patrick Gallinari
Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

QuestEval is a reference-less metric used in text-to-text tasks, that compares the generated summaries directly to the source text, by automatically asking and answering questions. Its adaptation to Data-to-Text tasks is not straightforward, as it requires multimodal Question Generation and Answering systems on the considered tasks, which are seldom available. To this purpose, we propose a method to build synthetic multimodal corpora enabling to train multimodal components for a data-QuestEval metric. The resulting metric is reference-less and multimodal; it obtains state-of-the-art correlations with human judgment on the WebNLG and WikiBio benchmarks. We make data-QuestEval’s code and models available for reproducibility purpose, as part of the QuestEval project.

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Separating Retention from Extraction in the Evaluation of End-to-end Relation Extraction
Bruno Taillé | Vincent Guigue | Geoffrey Scoutheeten | Patrick Gallinari
Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

State-of-the-art NLP models can adopt shallow heuristics that limit their generalization capability (McCoy et al., 2019). Such heuristics include lexical overlap with the training set in Named-Entity Recognition (Taille et al., 2020) and Event or Type heuristics in Relation Extraction (Rosenman et al., 2020). In the more realistic end-to-end RE setting, we can expect yet another heuristic: the mere retention of training relation triples. In this paper we propose two experiments confirming that retention of known facts is a key factor of performance on standard benchmarks. Furthermore, one experiment suggests that a pipeline model able to use intermediate type representations is less prone to over-rely on retention.

2020

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Let’s Stop Incorrect Comparisons in End-to-end Relation Extraction!
Bruno Taillé | Vincent Guigue | Geoffrey Scoutheeten | Patrick Gallinari
Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)

Despite efforts to distinguish three different evaluation setups (Bekoulis et al., 2018), numerous end-to-end Relation Extraction (RE) articles present unreliable performance comparison to previous work. In this paper, we first identify several patterns of invalid comparisons in published papers and describe them to avoid their propagation. We then propose a small empirical study to quantify the most common mistake’s impact and evaluate it leads to overestimating the final RE performance by around 5% on ACE05. We also seize this opportunity to study the unexplored ablations of two recent developments: the use of language model pretraining (specifically BERT) and span-level NER. This meta-analysis emphasizes the need for rigor in the report of both the evaluation setting and the dataset statistics. We finally call for unifying the evaluation setting in end-to-end RE.

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PARENTing via Model-Agnostic Reinforcement Learning to Correct Pathological Behaviors in Data-to-Text Generation
Clement Rebuffel | Laure Soulier | Geoffrey Scoutheeten | Patrick Gallinari
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Generation

In language generation models conditioned by structured data, the classical training via maximum likelihood almost always leads models to pick up on dataset divergence (i.e., hallucinations or omissions), and to incorporate them erroneously in their own generations at inference. In this work, we build on top of previous Reinforcement Learning based approaches and show that a model-agnostic framework relying on the recently introduced PARENT metric is efficient at reducing both hallucinations and omissions. Evaluations on the widely used WikiBIO and WebNLG benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of this framework compared to state-of-the-art models.

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What BERT Sees: Cross-Modal Transfer for Visual Question Generation
Thomas Scialom | Patrick Bordes | Paul-Alexis Dray | Jacopo Staiano | Patrick Gallinari
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Language Generation

Pre-trained language models have recently contributed to significant advances in NLP tasks. Recently, multi-modal versions of BERT have been developed, using heavy pre-training relying on vast corpora of aligned textual and image data, primarily applied to classification tasks such as VQA. In this paper, we are interested in evaluating the visual capabilities of BERT out-of-the-box, by avoiding pre-training made on supplementary data. We choose to study Visual Question Generation, a task of great interest for grounded dialog, that enables to study the impact of each modality (as input can be visual and/or textual). Moreover, the generation aspect of the task requires an adaptation since BERT is primarily designed as an encoder. We introduce BERT-gen, a BERT-based architecture for text generation, able to leverage on either mono- or multi- modal representations. The results reported under different configurations indicate an innate capacity for BERT-gen to adapt to multi-modal data and text generation, even with few data available, avoiding expensive pre-training. The proposed model obtains substantial improvements over the state-of-the-art on two established VQG datasets.

2019

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Incorporating Visual Semantics into Sentence Representations within a Grounded Space
Patrick Bordes | Eloi Zablocki | Laure Soulier | Benjamin Piwowarski | Patrick Gallinari
Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)

Language grounding is an active field aiming at enriching textual representations with visual information. Generally, textual and visual elements are embedded in the same representation space, which implicitly assumes a one-to-one correspondence between modalities. This hypothesis does not hold when representing words, and becomes problematic when used to learn sentence representations — the focus of this paper — as a visual scene can be described by a wide variety of sentences. To overcome this limitation, we propose to transfer visual information to textual representations by learning an intermediate representation space: the grounded space. We further propose two new complementary objectives ensuring that (1) sentences associated with the same visual content are close in the grounded space and (2) similarities between related elements are preserved across modalities. We show that this model outperforms the previous state-of-the-art on classification and semantic relatedness tasks.

2018

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DEFT 2018: Attention sélective pour classification de microblogs (DEFT 2018 : Selective Attention for Microblogging Classification )
Charles-Emmanuel Dias | Clara de Forsan de Gainon Gabriac | Patrick Gallinari | Vincent Guigue
Actes de la Conférence TALN. Volume 2 - Démonstrations, articles des Rencontres Jeunes Chercheurs, ateliers DeFT

Dans le cadre de l’atelier DEFT 2018 nous nous sommes intéressés à la classification de microblogs (ici, des tweets) rédigés en français. Ici, nous proposons une méthode se basant sur un réseau hiérarchique de neurones récurrent avec attention. La spécificité de notre architecture est de prendre en compte –via un mechanisme d’attention et de portes– les hashtags et les mentions directes (e.g., @user), spécifiques aux microblogs. Notre modèle a obtenu de très bon résultats sur la première tâche et des résultats compétitifs sur la seconde.

2006

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A Machine Learning based Approach to Evaluating Retrieval Systems
Huyen-Trang Vu | Patrick Gallinari
Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the NAACL, Main Conference