Pengzhan Li
Author directory2026
Expected Contribution Matching: Optimal Value Merging for KV Cache Compression
Pengzhan Li | Yixuan Wang | Wanxiang Che
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2026
Pengzhan Li | Yixuan Wang | Wanxiang Che
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2026
Large Language Models (LLMs) use KV cache for efficient auto-regressive generation, but its linearly growing memory footprint bottlenecks long-context inference. Existing compression methods typically merge evicted information into retained tokens by additively combining both key and value vectors, despite their distinct roles in the attention mechanism. However, this uniform treatment overlooks the distinct roles of keys and values in attention: perturbations to keys are amplified through the Softmax exponential, whereas perturbations to values remain bounded and linear after Softmax. Based on this observation, we propose a differentiated strategy that evicts keys while merging values. Specifically, we formulate value merging as an MSE minimization problem and derive Expected Contribution Matching (ECM), a closed-form scheme that redistributes evicted values by their historical attention contributions. We further preserve semantic coherence by routing evicted information to semantically similar retained tokens via global semantic matching. Experiments on LongBench and LongBenchV2 demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, which achieves consistent improvements over existing training-free merging-based and eviction-based approaches under the same cache budget. Our code is available at https://github.com/Lpzhan931/ECM.