Shreyansh Padarha
Author directory2026
Agentic Reinforcement Learning for Search Misaligns Instruction-Tuning
Yushi Yang | Shreyansh Padarha | Sarah Ball | Andrew Lee | Adam Mahdi
Proceedings of the 2026 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Yushi Yang | Shreyansh Padarha | Sarah Ball | Andrew Lee | Adam Mahdi
Proceedings of the 2026 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Agentic reinforcement learning (RL) trains large language models to use tools, but its impact on alignment is poorly understood. We study how agentic RL for search affects the alignment of instruction-tuned (IT) models. We find that RL-trained models inherit refusal reasoning by deflecting harmful requests into benign search queries, but this breaks down under a simple diagnostic trigger that elicits a search call before refusal can occur. Under this condition, RL models produce multi-step unsafe search actions and reasoning, reducing search query safety by up to 68.6% in Qwen models and 69.6% in Llama models relative to their IT counterparts. The effect generalises across model families, scales, and RL algorithms. To understand why, we identify linear directions in the residual stream that control search query safety, and show that RL training progressively shifts search behaviour toward the harmful end of this direction. We thus propose representation-guided RL training, which adds a reward penalty based on projection toward the harmful search direction. Training on benign data alone, it restores IT-level alignment within 200 steps without reducing task accuracy and requires no additional training data. Together, our work provides the first framework for diagnosing, mechanistically analysing, and mitigating alignment degradation in agentic RL for search.