Long-context inference in large language models is limited by the linear memory growth of the key-value (KV) cache. Existing eviction methods typically retain tokens with high accumulated attention or remove semantic redundancy, but may discard low-frequency tokens that connect distant dependencies. We propose CentralKV, a training-free framework that models attention as a dynamic sparse causal graph. Its Stream-Influence algorithm updates token centrality online and preserves structurally important bridge tokens during KV compression. The attention graph is constructed directly from the attention operation without separate similarity computation. Experiments on LongBench show that CentralKV improves over H2O, SnapKV, and GraphKV under strict physical memory constraints, particularly on reasoning-intensive tasks, with minimal latency overhead.

As multimodal large language models (MLLMs) advance, their large-scale architectures pose challenges for deployment in resource-constrained environments. In the age of large models, where energy efficiency, computational scalability and environmental sustainability are paramount, the development of lightweight and high-performance models is critical for real-world applications. As such, we propose a lightweight MLLM framework for end-to-end visual question answering. Our proposed approach centres on BreezeCLIP, a compact yet powerful vision-language encoder optimised for efficient multimodal understanding. With only 1.2 billion parameters overall, our model significantly reduces computational cost while achieving performance comparable to standard-size MLLMs. Experiments conducted on multiple datasets further validate its effectiveness in balancing accuracy and efficiency. The modular and extensible design enables generalisation to broader multimodal tasks. The proposed lightweight vision-language framework is denoted as BcQLM (BreezeCLIP-enhanced Q-Gated Multimodal Language Model). It offers a promising path toward deployable MLLMs under practical hardware constraints. The source code is available at https://github.com/thico0224/BcQLM.