2026

Using an LLM-assisted pipeline, this study examines sociodemographic variation in English Language Learners’ hedge use across 6,500 essays. Regression analyses are expected to show that gender, race, and SES predict hedge density and category-specific variation, which subsequently predict writing scores. Beyond scaling annotation, the study evaluates whether LLM-derived metadiscourse indicators provide interpretable evidence about rhetorical development in ELL writing.