Yang Cao
Other people with similar names: Yang Cao, Yang Cao, Yang Cao
Unverified author pages with similar names: Yang Cao
2026
SLIM: Stealthy Low-Coverage Black-Box Watermarking via Latent-Space Confusion Zones
Hengyu WU | Yang Cao
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026
Hengyu WU | Yang Cao
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026
Training data is a critical and often proprietary asset in Large Language Model (LLM) development, motivating the use of data watermarking to embed model-transferable signals for usage verification. We identify low coverage as a vital yet largely overlooked requirement for practicality, as individual data owners typically contribute only a minute fraction of massive training corpora. Prior methods fail to maintain stealthiness, verification feasibility, or robustness when only one or a few sequences can be modified. To address these limitations, we introduce SLIM, a framework enabling per-user data provenance verification under strict black-box access. SLIM leverages intrinsic LLM properties to induce a Latent-Space Confusion Zone by training the model to map semantically similar prefixes to divergent continuations. This manifests as localized generation instability, which can be reliably detected via hypothesis testing. Experiments demonstrate that SLIM achieves ultra-low coverage capability, strong black-box verification performance, and great scalability while preserving both stealthiness and model utility, offering a robust solution for protecting training data in modern LLM pipelines.
APPSI-139: A Parallel Corpus of English Application Privacy Policy Summarization and Interpretation
Pengyun Zhu | Qiheng Sun | Long Wen | Yanbo Wang | Yang Cao | Junxu Liu | Deyi Xiong | Jinfei Liu | Zhibo Wang | Kui Ren
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)
Pengyun Zhu | Qiheng Sun | Long Wen | Yanbo Wang | Yang Cao | Junxu Liu | Deyi Xiong | Jinfei Liu | Zhibo Wang | Kui Ren
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)
Privacy policies are essential for users to understand how service providers handle their personal data. However, these documents are often long and complex, as well as filled with technobabble and legalese, causing users to unknowingly accept terms that may even contradict the law. While summarizing and interpreting these privacy policies is crucial, there is a lack of high-quality English parallel corpus optimized for legal clarity and readability. To address this issue, we introduce APPSI-139, a high-quality English privacy policy corpus meticulously annotated by domain experts, specifically designed for summarization and interpretation tasks. The corpus includes 139 English privacy policies, 15,692 rewritten parallel corpora, and 36,351 fine-grained annotation labels across 11 data practice categories. Concurrently, we propose TCSI-pp-V2, a hybrid privacy policy summarization and interpretation framework that employs an alternating training strategy and coordinates multiple expert modules to effectively balance computational efficiency and accuracy. Experimental results show that the hybrid summarization system built on APPSI-139 corpus and the TCSI-pp-V2 framework outperform large language models, such as GPT-4o and LLaMA-3-70B, in terms of readability and reliability. The source code and dataset are available at https://github.com/EnlightenedAI/APPSI-139.