Yang Xu
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2026
CATMark: A Context-Aware Thresholding Framework for Robust Cross-Task Watermarking in Large Language Models
YU Zhang | Shuliang Liu | Yang Xu | Xuming Hu
Proceedings of the 2026 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
YU Zhang | Shuliang Liu | Yang Xu | Xuming Hu
Proceedings of the 2026 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Watermarking algorithms for Large Language Models (LLMs) effectively identify machine-generated content by embedding and detecting hidden statistical features in text. However, such embedding leads to a decline in text quality, especially in low-entropy scenarios where performance needs improvement. Existing methods that rely on entropy thresholds often require significant computational resources for tuning and demonstrate poor adaptability to unknown or cross-task generation scenarios. We propose Context-Aware Threshold watermarking (CATMark), a novel framework that dynamically adjusts watermarking intensity based on real-time semantic context. CATMark partitions text generation into semantic states using logits clustering, establishing context-aware entropy thresholds that preserve fidelity in structured content while embedding robust watermarks. Crucially, it requires no pre-defined thresholds or task-specific tuning. Experiments show CATMark improves text quality in cross-tasks without sacrificing detection accuracy.