The rapid evolution of large language models necessitates robust machine-generated text detection. Existing paradigms typically follow two isolated tracks. Training-free methods rely on global statistical scalars such as perplexity, while training-based methods utilize semantic hidden states. Both approaches exhibit fundamental vulnerabilities in adversarial scenarios. Global scalars act as lossy compressions that obscure local probabilistic burstiness in interleaved texts, whereas pure semantic models overfit to specific fingerprints and remain susceptible to spoofing. To expose these flaws, we introduce MOSAIC, a comprehensive adversarial benchmark comprising 16000 samples across a full-granularity attack spectrum. To address these challenges, we propose NeuroStat, an end-to-end framework bridging the statistical and semantic gap. NeuroStat captures uncompressed token-level probabilistic logits alongside deep semantic hidden states from a single causal language model backbone. We fuse these heterogeneous signals through Macro-State Residual Modulation, which adaptively calibrates local convolutional features using global uncertainty indicators. Orthogonal and contrastive losses further ensure the learning of complementary representations. Extensive experiments demonstrate that NeuroStat maintains exceptional robustness on MOSAIC compared to the severe degradation of state-of-the-art methods, establishing a new standard for adversarial text detection. Code and the MOSAIC benchmark are available at https://github.com/TencentBAC/NeuroStat.

Fine-tuning large language models on domain data is a standard practice, yet vanilla pipelines rely on a costly data mixture sweep to avoid catastrophic forgetting of general capabilities. We propose Dynamic Anchor Annealing (DAA), a full-parameter fine-tuning framework that decouples general and domain learning at the gradient level rather than at the data level. DAA estimates a global gradient anchor once on general data through zero learning rate training, anchors the domain gradient toward this anchor during fine-tuning, modulates step sizes by the cosine similarity between the two gradients, and combines this with annealing learning. Under this design, fine-tuning relies solely on domain data and does not lose general capability. Across four domains and three base models, DAA improves the joint domain and general harmonic mean by 12.5 points on average over direct fine-tuning and by 3.8 points over vanilla data mixture fine-tuning, and the margin widens to 66.9 points on a temporal out-of-distribution setting where direct fine-tuning collapses. Our headline 91% reduction in GPU hours is a workflow level saving from removing the mixture ratio sweep rather than a per run speedup, since the per run cost of DAA is comparable to direct fine-tuning.

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has achieved remarkable success in unlocking the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). Although CoT prompting enhances reasoning, its verbosity imposes substantial computational overhead. Recent works often focus exclusively on outcome alignment and lack supervision on the intermediate reasoning process. These deficiencies obscure the analyzability of the latent reasoning chain. To address these challenges, we introduce Render-of-Thought (RoT), the first framework to reify the reasoning chain by rendering textual steps into images, making the latent rationale explicit and traceable. Specifically, we leverage the vision encoders of existing Vision Language Models (VLMs) as semantic anchors to align the vision embeddings with the textual space. This design ensures plug-and-play implementation without incurring additional pre-training overhead. Extensive experiments on mathematical and logical reasoning benchmarks demonstrate that our method achieves 3-4× token compression and substantial inference acceleration compared to explicit CoT. Furthermore, it demonstrates a competitive efficiency-accuracy Pareto exploration compared to other methods, validating the feasibility of this paradigm. Our code is available at https://github.com/TencentBAC/RoT