Zihang Liu
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2026
RFS-Guard: Detecting Reasoning Hallucinations via Cross-Phase Routing Focus in Large Reasoning Models
Zihang Liu | Fang Zhouhua | Hui Liu | Zhiwei Liu | Yong Li | Haishuai Wang
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)
Zihang Liu | Fang Zhouhua | Hui Liu | Zhiwei Liu | Yong Li | Haishuai Wang
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)
Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve strong performance on complex tasks by generating intermediate reasoning before the final answer, yet they remain prone to reasoning hallucinations such as subtle arithmetic or constraint-violation errors. Prior hallucination detectors often rely on external verification or local token-level signals, which are limited for LRMs and largely overlook whether the cross-phase information flow from reasoning to answering is structurally robust. We propose Routing Focus Score (RFS), a step-level indicator that measures how strongly cross-step attention routing aligns with semantic proximity derived from hidden-state cosine similarity. We further design RFS-Guard, a lightweight hallucination detection framework based on RFS. Empirically, we observe that higher reasoning–answer RFS is consistently associated with higher hallucination risk, suggesting a routing-collapse failure mode where models might prefer self-confirmation loops and suppress the ability to audit their own generations. Experimental results across multiple domains and models demonstrate the superiority of RFS-Guard for detecting and localizing hallucinations in LRMs without requiring external tools or repeated sampling.
2025
Long-form Hallucination Detection with Self-elicitation
Zihang Liu | Jiawei Guo | Hao Zhang | Hongyang Chen | Jiajun Bu | Haishuai Wang
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025
Zihang Liu | Jiawei Guo | Hao Zhang | Hongyang Chen | Jiajun Bu | Haishuai Wang
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025
While Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive performance in generating long-form content, they frequently present a hazard of producing factual inaccuracies or hallucinations. An effective strategy to mitigate this hazard is to leverage off-the-shelf LLMs to detect hallucinations after the generation. The primary challenge resides in the comprehensive elicitation of the intrinsic knowledge acquired during their pre-training phase. However, existing methods that employ multi-step reasoning chains predominantly fall short of addressing this issue. Moreover, since existing methods for hallucination detection tend to decompose text into isolated statements, they are unable to understand the contextual semantic relations in long-form content. In this paper, we study a novel concept, self-elicitation, to leverage self-generated thoughts derived from prior statements as catalysts to elicit the expression of intrinsic knowledge and understand contextual semantics. We present a framework, SelfElicit, to integrate self-elicitation with graph structures to effectively organize the elicited knowledge and facilitate factual evaluations. Extensive experiments on five datasets in various domains demonstrate the effectiveness of self-elicitation and the superiority of our proposed method.