Ziqiao Zeng

Author directory

2026

This study evaluates whether three locally deployed small language models (LLaMA-3.2-1B, Qwen-2.5-0.5B, and Gemma-3-1B) can implement Socratic tutoring in Grade 6–8 mathematics. Using a rubric-based protocol across 72 sessions, results show that all models struggled to sustain guided inquiry, with Gemma performing best overall.