Neural language models as psycholinguistic subjects: Representations of syntactic state

Richard Futrell, Ethan Wilcox, Takashi Morita, Peng Qian, Miguel Ballesteros, Roger Levy


Abstract
We investigate the extent to which the behavior of neural network language models reflects incremental representations of syntactic state. To do so, we employ experimental methodologies which were originally developed in the field of psycholinguistics to study syntactic representation in the human mind. We examine neural network model behavior on sets of artificial sentences containing a variety of syntactically complex structures. These sentences not only test whether the networks have a representation of syntactic state, they also reveal the specific lexical cues that networks use to update these states. We test four models: two publicly available LSTM sequence models of English (Jozefowicz et al., 2016; Gulordava et al., 2018) trained on large datasets; an RNN Grammar (Dyer et al., 2016) trained on a small, parsed dataset; and an LSTM trained on the same small corpus as the RNNG. We find evidence for basic syntactic state representations in all models, but only the models trained on large datasets are sensitive to subtle lexical cues signaling changes in syntactic state.
Anthology ID:
N19-1004
Volume:
Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)
Month:
June
Year:
2019
Address:
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Editors:
Jill Burstein, Christy Doran, Thamar Solorio
Venue:
NAACL
SIG:
Publisher:
Association for Computational Linguistics
Note:
Pages:
32–42
Language:
URL:
https://aclanthology.org/N19-1004
DOI:
10.18653/v1/N19-1004
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):
Richard Futrell, Ethan Wilcox, Takashi Morita, Peng Qian, Miguel Ballesteros, and Roger Levy. 2019. Neural language models as psycholinguistic subjects: Representations of syntactic state. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers), pages 32–42, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Cite (Informal):
Neural language models as psycholinguistic subjects: Representations of syntactic state (Futrell et al., NAACL 2019)
Copy Citation:
PDF:
https://aclanthology.org/N19-1004.pdf
Video:
 https://aclanthology.org/N19-1004.mp4
Code
 langprocgroup/nn_syntactic_state +  additional community code
Data
Billion Word BenchmarkPenn Treebank