The exploration of speech processing for endangered languages has substantially increased in the past epoch of time. In this paper, we present the acoustic-phonetic approach for automatic speech recognition (ASR) using monolingual and cross-lingual information with application to under-resourced Indian languages, Punjabi, Nepali and Hindi. The challenging task while developing the ASR was the collection of the acoustic corpus for under-resourced languages. We have described here, in brief, the strategies used for designing the corpus and also highlighted the issues pertaining while collecting data for these languages. The bootstrap GMM-UBM based approach is used, which integrates pronunciation lexicon, language model and acoustic-phonetic model. Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients were used for extracting the acoustic signal features for training in monolingual and cross-lingual settings. The experimental result shows the overall performance of ASR for cross-lingual and monolingual. The phone substitution plays a key role in the cross-lingual as well as monolingual recognition. The result obtained by cross-lingual recognition compared with other baseline system and it has been found that the performance of the recognition system is based on phonemic units . The recognition rate of cross-lingual generally declines as compared with the monolingual.

This paper presents two studies, first a statistical analysis for three languages i.e. Hindi, Punjabi and Nepali and the other, development of language models for three Indian languages i.e. Indian English, Punjabi and Nepali. The main objective of this study is to find distinction among these languages and development of language models for their identification. Detailed statistical analysis have been done to compute the information about entropy, perplexity, vocabulary growth rate etc. Based on statistical features a comparative analysis has been done to find the similarities and differences among these languages. Subsequently an effort has been made to develop a trigram model of Indian English, Punjabi and Nepali. A corpus of 500000 words of each language has been collected and used to develop their models (unigram, bigram and trigram models). The models have been tried in two different databases- Parallel corpora of French and English and Non-parallel corpora of Indian English, Punjabi and Nepali. In the second case, the performance of the model is comparable. Usage of JAVA platform has provided a special effect for dealing with a very large database with high computational speed. Furthermore various enhancive concepts like Smoothing, Discounting, Back off, and Interpolation have been included for the designing of an effective model. The results obtained from this experiment have been described. The information can be useful for development of Automatic Speech Language Identification System.