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    <abstract>Recent work has shown that NLP tasks such as Relation Extraction (RE) can be recasted as a Textual Entailment tasks using verbalizations, with strong performance in zero-shot and few-shot settings thanks to pre-trained entailment models. The fact that relations in current RE datasets are easily verbalized casts doubts on whether entailment would be effective in more complex tasks. In this work we show that entailment is also effective in Event Argument Extraction (EAE), reducing the need of manual annotation to 50% and 20% in ACE and WikiEvents, respectively, while achieving the same performance as with full training. More importantly, we show that recasting EAE as entailment alleviates the dependency on schemas, which has been a roadblock for transferring annotations between domains. Thanks to entailment, the multi-source transfer between ACE and WikiEvents further reduces annotation down to 10% and 5% (respectively) of the full training without transfer. Our analysis shows that key to good results is the use of several entailment datasets to pre-train the entailment model. Similar to previous approaches, our method requires a small amount of effort for manual verbalization: only less than 15 minutes per event argument types is needed; comparable results can be achieved from users of different level of expertise.</abstract>
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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T Textual Entailment for Event Argument Extraction: Zero- and Few-Shot with Multi-Source Learning
%A Sainz, Oscar
%A Gonzalez-Dios, Itziar
%A Lopez de Lacalle, Oier
%A Min, Bonan
%A Agirre, Eneko
%Y Carpuat, Marine
%Y de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine
%Y Meza Ruiz, Ivan Vladimir
%S Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2022
%D 2022
%8 July
%I Association for Computational Linguistics
%C Seattle, United States
%F sainz-etal-2022-textual
%X Recent work has shown that NLP tasks such as Relation Extraction (RE) can be recasted as a Textual Entailment tasks using verbalizations, with strong performance in zero-shot and few-shot settings thanks to pre-trained entailment models. The fact that relations in current RE datasets are easily verbalized casts doubts on whether entailment would be effective in more complex tasks. In this work we show that entailment is also effective in Event Argument Extraction (EAE), reducing the need of manual annotation to 50% and 20% in ACE and WikiEvents, respectively, while achieving the same performance as with full training. More importantly, we show that recasting EAE as entailment alleviates the dependency on schemas, which has been a roadblock for transferring annotations between domains. Thanks to entailment, the multi-source transfer between ACE and WikiEvents further reduces annotation down to 10% and 5% (respectively) of the full training without transfer. Our analysis shows that key to good results is the use of several entailment datasets to pre-train the entailment model. Similar to previous approaches, our method requires a small amount of effort for manual verbalization: only less than 15 minutes per event argument types is needed; comparable results can be achieved from users of different level of expertise.
%R 10.18653/v1/2022.findings-naacl.187
%U https://aclanthology.org/2022.findings-naacl.187
%U https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.findings-naacl.187
%P 2439-2455

Markdown (Informal)

[Textual Entailment for Event Argument Extraction: Zero- and Few-Shot with Multi-Source Learning](https://aclanthology.org/2022.findings-naacl.187) (Sainz et al., Findings 2022)

• Textual Entailment for Event Argument Extraction: Zero- and Few-Shot with Multi-Source Learning (Sainz et al., Findings 2022)

ACL

• Oscar Sainz, Itziar Gonzalez-Dios, Oier Lopez de Lacalle, Bonan Min, and Eneko Agirre. 2022. Textual Entailment for Event Argument Extraction: Zero- and Few-Shot with Multi-Source Learning. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2022, pages 2439–2455, Seattle, United States. Association for Computational Linguistics.