Multilingual Metaphor Processing: Experiments with Semi-Supervised and Unsupervised Learning

Ekaterina Shutova, Lin Sun, Elkin Darío Gutiérrez, Patricia Lichtenstein, Srini Narayanan


Abstract
Highly frequent in language and communication, metaphor represents a significant challenge for Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. Computational work on metaphor has traditionally evolved around the use of hand-coded knowledge, making the systems hard to scale. Recent years have witnessed a rise in statistical approaches to metaphor processing. However, these approaches often require extensive human annotation effort and are predominantly evaluated within a limited domain. In contrast, we experiment with weakly supervised and unsupervised techniques—with little or no annotation—to generalize higher-level mechanisms of metaphor from distributional properties of concepts. We investigate different levels and types of supervision (learning from linguistic examples vs. learning from a given set of metaphorical mappings vs. learning without annotation) in flat and hierarchical, unconstrained and constrained clustering settings. Our aim is to identify the optimal type of supervision for a learning algorithm that discovers patterns of metaphorical association from text. In order to investigate the scalability and adaptability of our models, we applied them to data in three languages from different language groups—English, Spanish, and Russian—achieving state-of-the-art results with little supervision. Finally, we demonstrate that statistical methods can facilitate and scale up cross-linguistic research on metaphor.
Anthology ID:
J17-1003
Volume:
Computational Linguistics, Volume 43, Issue 1 - April 2017
Month:
April
Year:
2017
Address:
Cambridge, MA
Venue:
CL
SIG:
Publisher:
MIT Press
Note:
Pages:
71–123
Language:
URL:
https://aclanthology.org/J17-1003
DOI:
10.1162/COLI_a_00275
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):
Ekaterina Shutova, Lin Sun, Elkin Darío Gutiérrez, Patricia Lichtenstein, and Srini Narayanan. 2017. Multilingual Metaphor Processing: Experiments with Semi-Supervised and Unsupervised Learning. Computational Linguistics, 43(1):71–123.
Cite (Informal):
Multilingual Metaphor Processing: Experiments with Semi-Supervised and Unsupervised Learning (Shutova et al., CL 2017)
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PDF:
https://aclanthology.org/J17-1003.pdf