Machine Translation Archive

Index of Types of MT systems

Publications 1970-1989

For other periods go to: Publications since 2010; publications 2005-2009; publications 2000-2004; publications 1990-1999; publications before 1970

 

Artificial Intelligence methods (see also Knowledge representation, Neural networks)

(1989) Henry Thompson: Speech recognition, artificial intelligence and translation: how rosy a future?  Translating and the Computer 11: Preparing for the next decade, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 16-17 November 1989, The Conference Forum, The Sedgwick Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1990); pp.113-117. [PDF, 36KB]

 (1989) Jun-ichi Tsujii: Machine translation in natural language understanding. Literary and Linguistic Computing 4 (3), pp.214-217. [PDF, 173KB]

 (1989) Jun-chi Tsujii: Man machine interactions in MT. IFTT’89: Harmonizing human beings and computers in translation. International Forum for Translation Technology, April 26-28, 1989, Oiso Prince Hotel. (Japan Electronic Industry Development Association.); pp.50-51. [PDF, 20KB]

  (1989) METAL translation heavies. .Language Technology/Electric Word 11, January-February 1989; pp.9-10. [PDF, 138KB]

 (1988) Josette Coughlin: Artificial intelligence and machine translation: present developments and future prospects.   34 (1); pp.3-9. [41KB]

  (1988) BSO’s DLT answers the question: who’s dead? Language Technology 5, January-February 1988; p.6. [PDF, 112KB]

(1987) Kazuhiro Fuchi: The FGCS project and machine translation systems.  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; pp. 40-47 [PDF, 137KB] [Reprint in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 13-18]

 (1987) Roderick L. Johnson & Peter Whitelock: Machine translation as an expert task.  In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Machine translation: theoretical and methodological issues (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); pp.136-144.

 (1987) Jeffrey S.Mann: Get Smart! Industrial strength language processing from Smart Communications.  Language Technology 3, September-October 1987; pp.12-15. [PDF, 1411KB]

 (1987) Peter Rutten: Leader of the pack. Language Technology 2, July-August 1987; pp.20-22. [PDF, 2195KB]

(1987) Victor Sadler: AI-directed interlingual terminography in tomorrow’s MT systems. Proceedings International Congress on Terminology and Knowledge Engineering, 29 Sept.- 1 Oct.1987, University of Trier, Federal Republic of Germany; 7pp. [PDF, 234KB]

(1986) Martin Emele, Walter Kehl, & Dietmar Rösner: Generating natural language from semantic representations – an AI approach to a Japanese/German machine translation project.. International Conference on the State of the Art in Machine Translation in America, Asia and Europe. Proceedings of IAI-MT86, 20-22 August 1986, Bürgerhaus, Dudweiler; pp.67-78. [PDF, 87KB]

(1986) B.C.Papegaaij: Word expert semantics: an interlingual knowledge-based approach; ed. V.Sadler and A.P.M.Witkam. Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1986.ix,254pp. (Distributed Language Translation, 1). Contents.

(1986) Allen B.Tucker, Sergei Nirenburg, & Victor Raskin: Discourse and cohesion in expository text. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 181-183. [PDF, 323KB]

(1986) Rika Yoshii: A robust machine translation system. SPIE vol.635 Applications of Artificial Intelligence II (1986); pp.455-463. [PDF,422KB]

(1985) R. Gerber & Ch. Boitet: On the design of expert systems grafted on MT systems.  Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 116-134. [PDF, 690KB]

(1985) Rod Johnson & Pete Whitelock: Machine translation as an expert task.  Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 145-153. [PDF, 138KB]

 (1984) Christian Boitet & René Gerber: Expert systems and other new techniques in MT systems. Coling84: 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984, Stanford University, California. Proceedings; pp.468-471. [PDF, 353KB]

 (1984) Patrick Shann: Machine translation: a problem of linguistic engineering or of cognitive modelling?  In: Margaret King (ed.) Machine translation today: the state of the art. Proceedings of the Third Lugano Tutorial, Lugano, Switzerland, 2-7 April 1984 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1987); pp. 71-90.

(1984) Allen B.Tucker: A perspective on machine translation: theory and practice. Communications of the ACM 27(4); 322-329. [note]

(1981) Margaret King: Semantics and artificial intelligence in machine translation. Sprache und Datenverarbeitung, 5 (1/2), 5-8. [PDF, 99KB]

 (1980) Raimond G.Piotrovsky: Machine translation in the research group on Speech Statistics: theory, results and outlook. International Forum on Information and Documentation  5 (2), 1980; 9-11. [PDF, 43KB]

(1978) Yorick Wilks: Machine translation and artificial intelligence. Translating and the Computer: proceedings of a seminar, London, 14th November, 1978; ed. Barbara M.Snell (Amsterdam/New York/Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1979); pp. 27-43. [PDF, 199KB]

(1977) Yorick Wilks: Frames for machine translation. New Scientist, vol.76, 22/29 December 1977; pp.802-803. [PDF, 865KB]

(1977) Yorick Wilks: Time flies like an arrow. New Scientist, vol.76, 15 December 1977; pp.696-698. [PDF, 95KB]

(1976) Roger C. Schank: Programs to understand stories [abstract]. In: FBIS Seminar on Machine Translation, 8-9 March 1976, Rosslyn, Virginia. American Journal of Computational Linguistics, microfiche 46; p.65 [PDF, 3691KB]

(1975) Wallace L. Chafe: Verbalization and translation by machine. American Journal of Computational Linguistics, microfiche 10; 95pp. [PDF, 3964KB]

(1975) Yorick Wilks: An intelligent analyser and understander of English. Communications of the ACM, 18 (5), May 1975; pp.264-274. [PDF, 408KB]

 (1973) Yorick Wilks & Annette Herskovits: An intelligent analyser and generator for natural language. Computational and mathematical linguistics: proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Pisa, 27/VIII – 1/IX 1973, editors: A.Zampolli, N.Calzolari (Firenze: Olschki, 1980) (Biblioteca dell’Archivum Romanicum, serie II: Linguistica, 36); vol.1, pp.741-768. [PDF, 117KB]

(1973) Yorick Wilks: The Stanford machine translation project. In: R.Rustin (ed.) Natural language processing (New York: Algorithmics Press), pp.243-290. Repr. in: Khurshid Ahmad, Christopher Brewster, & Mark Stevenson (eds.) Words and intelligence I: selected papers by Yorick Wilks (Dordrecht: Springer); pp.29-59.

Direct translation approach

(1988) Klaus Schubert: The architecture of DLT - interlingual or double direct?  In: Dan Maxwell, Klaus Schubert & Toon Witkam (eds.) New directions in machine translation. Conference proceedings, Budapest 18-19 August, 1988; pp.131-144.

(1986) Hiroshi Uchida: Fujitsu machine translation system: ATLAS. Future Generations Computer Systems 2 (1986); pp. 95-100. [PDF,  184KB]

(1984) Muriel Vasconcellos: Machine translation at the Pan American Health Organization. British Computer Society Natural Language Translation Specialist Group, Newsletter no 14, May 1984; 18pp.. [PDF, 235KB]

(1984) Peter J.Wheeler: SYSTRAN. In: Margaret King (ed.) Machine translation today: the state of the art. Proceedings of the Third Lugano Tutorial, Lugano, Switzerland, 2-7 April 1984 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1987); pp. 192-208.

(1981) Susumu Sawai: ATLAS project; mimeograph, 5pp. [PDF, 97KB]

(1978) Shiu-Chang Loh, Hing-Sum Hung, & Luan Kong: A dual language translator. Advances in computer-aided literary and linguistic research: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Computers in Literary and Linguistic Research, University of Aston, Birmingham, 3-7 April 1978 (AMLC 1979); pp.107-115. [PDF,

(1976) T.D.Crawford: Project BABEL: machine translation with English as the target language. In: Alan Jones and R.F.Churchouse (eds.) The computer in literary and linguistic studies, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1976; pp.223-229. [PDF, 111KB]

(1976) S.-C. Loh: Machine translation: past, present, and future. ALLC Bulletin 4 (2), 1976; pp.105-114. [PDF, 38KB]

(1976) Peter Toma: An operational machine translation system. In: Richard W.Brislin (ed.) Translation: applications and research (New York: Gardner Press, 1976); pp.247-259. [PDF, 106KB]

(1973) T.D.Crawford: A review of the Cardiff machine translation project. Computational and mathematical linguistics: proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Pisa, 27/VIII – 1/IX 1973, editors: A.Zampolli, N.Calzolari (Firenze: Olschki, 1980) (Biblioteca dell’Archivum Romanicum, serie II: Linguistica, 37); vol.2, pp.761-771. [PDF, 214KB]

(1971) K.H.V. Booth, C.A. Brown, & C.Stock: English-French translation on a computer. Pensiero e Linguaggio; 2 ,pp.231-238. [PDF, 213KB]

 (1970) A.J.Szanser: Machine translation. Engineering, 1 May 1970; pp.453-456. [PDF, 151KB]

Example-based MT

(1984) Makoto Nagao: A framework of a mechanical translation between Japanese and English by analogy principle, Artificial and human intelligence: edited review papers presented at the international NATO Symposium, October 1981, Lyons, France; ed. A. Elithorn and R. Banerji. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1984; pp. 173-180. [PDF, 260KB]

(1981) Makoto Nagao: A framework of a mechanical translation between Japanese and English by analogy principle. Presented at NATO Symposium: Artificial and Human Intelligence, Chateau de Chapeau Cornu, October 26-30, 1981; 9pp. [PDF, 178KB]

Expert systems see Artificial Intelligence methods

Hypertext

(1989) Alex Gross: A new addition to the translator’s toolbox. Language Technology/Electric Word 12, March-April 1989; pp.42-45. [PDF, 2135KB]

Interactive systems

(1989) Ch.Boitet: Motivations, aims and architecture of the LIDIA project.MT Summit II, August 16-18, 1989, Munich, Germany [Frankfurt a.M.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentations e.V.]; pp. 52-54 [PDF, 122KB]

 (1989) Jun-chi Tsujii: Man machine interactions in MT. IFTT’89: Harmonizing human beings and computers in translation. International Forum for Translation Technology, April 26-28, 1989, Oiso Prince Hotel. (Japan Electronic Industry Development Association.); pp.50-51. [PDF, 20KB]

(1988) Mary McGee Wood & Brian J.Chandler: Machine translation for monolinguals. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.2, pp.760-763. [PDF, 427KB]

(1988) Rémi Zajac: Interactive translation: a new approach. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.2, pp.785-790. [PDF, 373KB]

(1988) BSO launch their DLT prototype: MT system which resolves ambiguities by asking the author. Language Monthly 52, January 1988; pp.4-5. [PDF, 108KB]

(1987) Roderick L. Johnson & Peter Whitelock: Machine translation as an expert task.  In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Machine translation: theoretical and methodological issues (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); pp.136-144.

 (1987) Kiyoshi Kogure & Hirosato Nomura: Computer environment for meaning structure representation and manipulation in machine translation system. Presentation at International Conference on Information and Knowledge, November 1987, Yokohama; 12pp. [PDF, 513KB]

(1987) Toon Witkam: Interlingual MT – an industrial initiative.  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; pp. 135-140 [PDF, 106KB] [Reprint in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 128-132]

(1987) Mary McGee Wood, Elaine Pollard, Heather Horsfall, Natsuko Holden, Brian Chandler, & Jeremy Carroll: Dictionary organization for machine translation: the experience and implications of the UMIST Japanese project.  Third conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 1-3 April 1987, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; pp. 94-98. [PDF, 419KB]

(1986) Hirosato Nomura & Hitoshi Iida: English-Japanese interactive machine translation system LUTE – AID. International Conference on the State of the Art in Machine Translation in America, Asia and Europe. Proceedings of IAI-MT86, 20-22 August 1986, Bürgerhaus, Dudweiler; pp.131-145. [PDF, 146KB]

(1986) P.J.Whitelock, M.McGee Wood, B.J.Chandler, N.Holden & H.J.Horsfall: Strategies for interactive machine translation: the experience and implications of the UMIST Japanese project. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 329-334. [PDF, 684KB]

(1985) Jaime G. Carbonell & Masaru Tomita: New approaches to machine translation.  Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 59-74. [PDF, 287KB]

(1985) R. Gerber & Ch. Boitet: On the design of expert systems grafted on MT systems.  Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 116-134. [PDF, 690KB]

(1985) Rod Johnson & Pete Whitelock: Machine translation as an expert task.  Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 145-153. [PDF, 138KB]

(1985) Masaru Tomita: Feasibility study of personal/interactive machine translation systems.  Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 289-297. [PDF, 156KB]

(1984) Christian Boitet & René Gerber: Expert systems and other new techniques in MT systems. Coling84: 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984, Stanford University, California. Proceedings; pp.468-471. [PDF, 353KB]

(1984) Marco A. Clemente-Salazar: Use of c-graphs in a prototype for automatic translation. Coling84: 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984, Stanford University, California. Proceedings; pp.61-64. [PDF, 268KB]

(1984) Alan Danik: Interactive machine translation: the ALPS computer assisted translation system. British Computer Society Natural Language Translation Specialist Group, Newsletter no 14, May 1984; 11pp.. [PDF, 162KB]

(1984) J.Jelinek & J.Hawgood: Automatic integrated dictionary systems. International Conference on Methodology and Techniques of Machine Translation: processing from words to language… Cranfield, 13-15 February 1984, Natural Language Translation Specialist Group of the British Computer Society; 20pp. [PDF, 155KB] [Printed in: Ian D.K.Kelly (ed.) Progress in machine translation: natural language and personal computers (Wilmslow, UK: Sigma Press, 1989); pp.171-190.]

 (1984) Deryle Lonsdale: Notes on interactive translation. International Conference on Methodology and Techniques of Machine Translation: processing from words to language… Cranfield, 13-15 February 1984, Natural Language Translation Specialist Group of the British Computer Society; 11pp. [PDF, 30KB]. [Printed in: Ian D.K.Kelly (ed.) Progress in machine translation: natural language and personal computers (Wilmslow, UK: Sigma Press, 1989); pp.127-132.]

(1984) Masaru Tomita: Disambiguating grammatically ambiguous sentences by asking. Coling84: 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984, Stanford University, California. Proceedings; pp.476-480. [PDF, 316KB]

 (1984) A.P.M.Witkam: Distributed language translation, another MT system. International Conference on Methodology and Techniques of Machine Translation: processing from words to language… Cranfield, 13-15 February 1984, Natural Language Translation Specialist Group of the British Computer Society; 11pp. [PDF, 63KB]. [Printed in: Ian D.K.Kelly (ed.) Progress in machine translation: natural language and personal computers (Wilmslow, UK: Sigma Press, 1989); pp.133-142.]

(1983) Russell Bateman: Introduction to interactive translation. Tools for the Trade: Translating and the Computer 5. Proceedings of a conference… 10-11 November 1983, London Press Centre, ed. Veronica Lawson. (London: Aslib, 1985); pp.193-197 [PDF, 21KB]

 (1983) Merle D.Tenney: Machine translation, machine-aided translation, and machine-impeded translation.  Tools for the Trade: Translating and the Computer 5. Proceedings of a conference… 10-11 November 1983, London Press Centre, ed. Veronica Lawson. (London: Aslib, 1985); pp.105-113 [PDF, 38KB]

(1981) Michael G. Hundt: Working with the Weidner machine-aided translation system. Practical experience of machine translation. Proceedings of a conference, London, 5-6 November 1981. Ed.Veronica Lawson (Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1982); pp, 45-51. [PDF, 58KB]

(1981) Alan K.Melby: Translators and machines – can they cooperate? Meta 26 (1), 1981; pp.23-34. [note]

(1980) Martin Kay: The proper place of men and machines in language translation. Palo Alto, CA: Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, October 1980; 21pp. [Reprinted in: Machine Translation 12 (1-2), 1997, pp. 3-23; and in: Nirenburg, S. et al. (eds.) Readings in machine translation (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2003), pp. 221-232.] [PDF, 332KB]

(1980) Alan K.Melby, Melvin R.Smith & Jill Peterson: ITS: interactive translation system. Coling 80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980, Tokyo; pp. 424-429. [PDF, 403KB]

(1978) Shiu-Chang Loh & Luan Kong: An interactive on-line machine translation system (Chinese into English). Translating and the Computer: proceedings of a seminar, London, 14th November, 1978; ed. Barbara M.Snell (Amsterdam/New York/Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1979); pp. 135-148. [PDF, 176KB]

(1976) Shiu-Chang Loh: CULT, Chinese University Language Translator [abstract]. In: FBIS Seminar on Machine Translation, 8-9 March 1976, Rosslyn, Virginia. American Journal of Computational Linguistics, microfiche 46; pp.46-50 [PDF, 165KB]

(1975) Eldon G. Lytel, Dennis Packard, Daryl Gibb, Alan K.Melby, & Floyd H.Billings, Jr.:  Junction grammar as a base for natural language processing. American Journal of Computational Linguistics, microfiche 26; 74pp. [PDF, 2259KB]

(1973) Christian Boitet: Towards an adaptative and interactive system in automatic translation. Computational and mathematical linguistics: proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Pisa, 27/VIII – 1/IX 1973, editors: A.Zampolli, N.Calzolari (Firenze: Olschki, 1980) (Biblioteca dell’Archivum Romanicum, serie II: Linguistica, 37); vol.2, pp.731-759. [PDF, 543KB]

(1973) Alan K. Melby: Junction grammar and machine assisted translation. Computational and mathematical linguistics: proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Pisa, 27/VIII – 1/IX 1973, editors: A.Zampolli, N.Calzolari (Firenze: Olschki, 1980) (Biblioteca dell’Archivum Romanicum, serie II: Linguistica, 37); vol.2, pp.785-824. [PDF, 356KB]

 (1971) Martin Kay: The MIND system. In: Randall Rustin (ed.) Natural language processing: Courant Computer Science Symposium 8, December 20-21, 1971 (New York: Algortithmics Press, 1973); pp.155-188. [PDF, 119KB]

(1971) Norman M.Martin: Philosophy of language and the feasibility of MT: a position paper. In: Feasibility study on fully automatic high quality translation. New York: Rome Air Development Center, Griffiss Air Force Base, December 1971; pp.163-174. [PDF, 32KB]

Interlingua MT (see also Knowledge-based MT, Language universals)

(1989) Jaime G. Carbonell: Interlingua – technical prospect of interlingua. In: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), p. 30-31. [PDF, 98KB]

(1989) Jan Landsbergen: The Rosetta project. MT Summit II, August 16-18, 1989, Munich, Germany [Frankfurt a.M.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentations e.V.]; pp. 82-87 [PDF, 133KB]

(1989) Sergei Nirenburg: New developments in knowledge-based machine translation. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1989: “Language teaching, testing, and technology: lessons from the past with a view toward the future”, James E.Alatis, ed. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1989); pp. 344-357. [PDF, 139KB]

(1989) Hozumi Tanaka, Shun Ishizaki, Akira Uehara, & Hiroshi Uchida: Research and development of cooperation project on a machine translation system for Japan and its neighboring countries. MT Summit II, August 16-18, 1989, Munich, Germany [Frankfurt a.M.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentations e.V.]; pp. 146-151 [PDF, 95KB]

(1989) Masaru Tomita & Jaime G.Carbonell: CMU project. In: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 72-82. [PDF, 221KB]

(1989) Hiroshi Uchida: ATLAS. MT Summit II, August 16-18, 1989, Munich, Germany [Frankfurt a.M.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentations e.V.]; pp. 152-157 [PDF, 100KB]

(1989) Hiroshi Uchida: ATLAS II: a machine translation system using conceptual structure as an interlingua. In: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 93-100 [PDF, 177KB] [Rewritten version of paper given at MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit, Hakone, Japan, September 1987]

(1989) Hiroshi Uchida: Interlingua – necessity of interlingua for multilingual translation. In: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), p. 29. [PDF, 77KB] [Rewritten version of paper given at MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit, Hakone, Japan, September 1987]

(1988) Iván Guzmán de Rojas: ATAMIRI – interlingual MT using the Aymara language. In: D.Maxwell, K.Schubert, & T.Witkam (eds.) New directions in machine translation. Conference proceedings, Budapest 18-19 August, 1988 (Dordrecht: Foris, 1988); pp.123-129. [note]

(1988) Hirosato Nomura: Meaning understanding in machine translation. Second International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 10pp. [PDF, 138KB]

(1988) P.C.Rolf: Machine translation: the languages network (versus the intermediate language). Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.2, pp.544-548. [PDF, 440KB]

(1988) Peter Rutten: Philip’s Rosetta machine translator: a question of semantics. Language Technology 5, January-February 1988; pp.22-24. [PDF, 1202KB]

 (1988) Margreet Joyce Sanders: The Rosetta translation system. Eindhoven: Philips Research Laboratories, November 1988; 15pp. [PDF, 289KB]

(1988) Klaus Schubert: The architecture of DLT – interlingual or double direct?  In: D.Maxwell, K.Schubert, & T.Witkam (eds.) New directions in machine translation. Conference proceedings, Budapest 18-19 August, 1988 (Dordrecht: Foris, 1988); pp.131-144. [note]

(1988) Klaus Schubert: Implicitness as a guiding principle in machine translation. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.2, pp.599-601. [PDF, 135KB]

(1988) Petr Sgall: On some results of the conference.  In: D.Maxwell, K.Schubert, & T.Witkam (eds.) New directions in machine translation. Conference proceedings, Budapest 18-19 August, 1988 (Dordrecht: Foris, 1988); pp.243-250. [note]

(1988) Dorine Tamis: The treatment of form determination for French in DLT.  Interface: Journal of Applied Linguistics 3.1 (1988); pp. 45-56. [PDF, 111KB]

(1988) Jun-ichi Tsujii: What is a cross-linguistically valid interpretation of discourse? In: D.Maxwell, K.Schubert, & T.Witkam (eds.) New directions in machine translation. Conference proceedings, Budapest 18-19 August, 1988 (Dordrecht: Foris, 1988); pp.157-166. [note]

(1988) Hiroshi Uchida: ATLAS II: a machine translation system using conceptual structures as an interlingua. Second International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 9pp. [PDF, 144KB]

(1988) Toon Witkam: DLT – an industrial R&D project for multilingual MT. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.2, pp.756-759. [PDF, 294KB]

(1988) Michael Zarechnak: Complex procedures for MT quality. Second International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 12pp. [PDF, 106KB]

(1988) Cornelia Zelinsky-Wibbelt: Universal quantification in machine translation. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.2, pp.791-795. [PDF, 479KB]

(1988) BSO launch their DLT prototype: MT system which resolves ambiguities by asking the author. Language Monthly 52, January 1988; pp.4-5. [PDF, 108KB]

(1987) Kazunori Muraki: PIVOT: two-phase machine translation system.  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; pp. 81-83 [PDF, 99KB] [Reprinted in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 113-115]

(1987) Sergei Nirenburg, Victor Raskin, & Allen B. Tucker: The structure of interlingua in TRANSLATOR.  In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Machine translation: theoretical and methodological issues (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); pp.90-113

 (1987) Peter Rutten: Leader of the pack. Language Technology 2, July-August 1987; pp.20-22. [PDF, 2195KB]

(1987) Victor Sadler: AI-directed interlingual terminography in tomorrow’s MT systems. Proceedings International Congress on Terminology and Knowledge Engineering, 29 Sept.- 1 Oct.1987, University of Trier, Federal Republic of Germany; 7pp. [PDF, 234KB]

(1987) Petr Sgall & Jarmila Panevová: Machine translation, linguistics, and interlingua.  Third conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 1-3 April 1987, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; pp. 99-103. [PDF, 344KB]

(1987) Yoshihide Tsuji: Research and development project of machine translation system with Japan’s neighboring countries.  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; pp. 116-120 [PDF, 126KB] [Reprint in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 50-53]

(1987) Jun-ichi Tsujii: What is ‘PIVOT’?  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; p. 121 [PDF, 88KB] [Reprint in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), p. 28]

(1987) Hiroshi Uchida: Necessity for interlingua for multilingual translation.  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; p. 128 [PDF, 49KB] [Revised version in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), p. 29]

(1987) Toon Witkam: Interlingual MT – an industrial initiative.  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; pp. 135-140 [PDF, 106KB] [Reprint in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 128-132]

 (1987) AI/Esperanto translator passes first test. Language Technology 1, May-June 1987; p.7. [PDF, 355KB]

(1986) Lisette Appelo & Jan Landsbergen: The machine translation project Rosetta. International Conference on the State of the Art in Machine Translation in America, Asia and Europe. Proceedings of IAI-MT86, 20-22 August 1986, Bürgerhaus, Dudweiler; pp.36-50. [PDF, 114KB]

(1986) Burham Bukhari: BAPCOMP’s universal computer system. International Conference on the State of the Art in Machine Translation in America, Asia and Europe. Proceedings of IAI-MT86, 20-22 August 1986, Bürgerhaus, Dudweiler; pp.95-111. [PDF, 247KB]

(1986) Koichiro Ishihara, Tadashi Hirose, Atsushi Okajima, & Hiroyuki Kaji: Hitachi’s research and development in knowledge engineering. [Presented at AICA, October 1986]; 17pp. [PDF, 243KB]

(1986) R. Leermakers & J.Rous: The translation method of Rosetta. Presented at the International Conference on Machine and Machine-aided Translation, April 7-9, 1986, Aston University Birmingham; 20pp. [PDF,328KB]

 (1986) M.Masterman, R.M.Needham, K.Sparck Jones, & B.Mayoh: Agricola incurvo terram dimovit aratro (Virgil “Georgic”) First stage translation into English with the aid of Roget’s Thesaurus. Report (ML84) ML93, November 1957. Reprinted with a new introduction by K.Sparck Jones. Cambridge: Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, April 1986; 14pp. [PDF, 58KB]

(1986) Sergei Nirenburg, Victor Raskin, & Allen Tucker: On knowledge-based machine translation. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 627-632. [PDF, 508KB]

(1986) Yoshihiko Nitta: Machine translation: a problem of understanding. Japan Computer Quarterly 64 (1986); pp.36-54. [PDF, 365KB]

(1986) B.C.Papegaaij, V.Sadler, & A.P.M.Witkam: Experiments with an MT-directed lexical knowledge bank. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 313-318. [PDF, 320KB]

(1986) B.C.Papegaaij: Word expert semantics: an interlingual knowledge-based approach; ed. V.Sadler and A.P.M.Witkam. Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1986.ix,254pp. (Distributed Language Translation, 1). Contents.

(1986) André Schenk: Idioms in the Rosetta machine translation system. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 319-324. [PDF, 542KB]

(1986) Hiroshi Uchida: Fujitsu machine translation system: ATLAS. Future Generations Computer Systems 2 (1986); pp. 95-100. [PDF,  184KB]

(1986)  Eurotra: first annual report. Commission of the European Communities com (86) 431 final,  Brussels, 25 July 1986; 30pp. [PDF, 45KB]

(1986) Eurotra: second annual report of the Commission, including the first activity report of the Eurotra Advisory Committee on Programme Management (ACPM) submitted by the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament; 19pp. [PDF]

 (1985) Jan Landsbergen: Montague grammar and machine translation [with discussion]. In: Linguistic theory and computer applications, ed. P.Whitelock, M.M.Wood, H.L.Somers, R.Johnson and P.Bennett [proceedings of Workshop 4-6 September 1985, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology] (London: Academic Press, 1987); pp.113-147. [PDF, 694KB]

(1985) Sergei Nirenburg, Victor Raskin & Allen B. Tucker: Interlingua design for TRANSLATOR.  Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 224-244. [PDF, 318KB]

(1985) Frank van Eynde, Louis des Tombe, & Fons Maes: The specification of time meaning for machine translation. Second conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 27-29 March 1985, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; pp. 35-40. [PDF, 386KB]

 (1985) Hiroshi Uchida, Tatsuya Hayashi, & Hiroshi Kushima: ATLAS: automatic translation system. Fujitsu Science and Technology Journal 21 (3), July 1985; pp.317-329. [PDF, 405KB]

 (1985) Bernard Vauquois & Christian Boitet: Automated translation at Grenoble University.  Computational Linguistics 11 (1), pp. 28-36 [PDF, 983KB] [Reprinted in: Jonathan Slocum (ed.) Machine translation systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988; pp. 85-110.]

(1985) BSO gets contract for Esperanto MT project. Language Monthly 19, April 1985; p.5. [PDF, 33KB]

(1984) Giovanni Adorni & Lina Massone: Production of sentences: a general algorithm and a case study. International Conference on Methodology and Techniques of Machine Translation: processing from words to language… Cranfield, 13-15 February 1984, Natural Language Translation Specialist Group of the British Computer Society; 14pp. [PDF, 59KB] [Printed in: Ian D.K.Kelly (ed.) Progress in machine translation: natural language and personal computers (Wilmslow, UK: Sigma Press, 1989); pp.255-266.]

 (1984) Jan Landsbergen: Isomorphic grammars and their use in the Rosetta translation system.  In: Margaret King (ed.) Machine translation today: the state of the art. Proceedings of the Third Lugano Tutorial, Lugano, Switzerland, 2-7 April 1984 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1987); pp. 351-372.

(1984) Allen B.Tucker Jr. & Sergei Nirenburg: Machine translation: a contemporary view. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, vol.19; pp.129-160. [PDF, 167KB]

 (1984) Allen B.Tucker, Jr.: A perspective on machine translation: theory and practice. Communications of the ACM 27 (4); pp.322-329. [note]

 (1984) A.P.M.Witkam: Distributed language translation, another MT system. International Conference on Methodology and Techniques of Machine Translation: processing from words to language… Cranfield, 13-15 February 1984, Natural Language Translation Specialist Group of the British Computer Society; 11pp. [PDF, 63KB]. [Printed in: Ian D.K.Kelly (ed.) Progress in machine translation: natural language and personal computers (Wilmslow, UK: Sigma Press, 1989); pp.133-142.]

(1984) Can Esperanto help machine translation? Language Monthly 5, February 1984; p.13. [PDF, 64KB]

 (1983) Walter Goshawke: The rules of number language (SLUNT), part 3. British Computer Society Natural Language Translation Specialist Group, Newsletter no 13, February 1983; 8pp.. [PDF, 89KB]

(1983) Harold L. Somers: Investigating the possibility of a microprocessor-based machine translation system. First conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 1-3 February 1983, Miramar-Sheraton Hotel, Santa Monica, California, USA; pp. 149-155 [PDF, 537KB]

(1983) A.P.M.Witkam: DLT: distributed language translation – a multilingual system for computer networks. Feasibility study of a multilingual facility for videotex information networks. Utrecht: Buro voor Systeemontwikkeling, 1983. 8 files. [PDF]

(1982) Jan Landsbergen: Machine translation based on logically isomorphic Montague grammars. Coling 82: proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Prague, July 5-10, 1982; edited by Ján Horecký. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1982 (North-Holland Linguistics Series 47); pp. 175-181. [PDF, 356KB]

(1982) N.N.Leont’eva: Automatic translation through understanding and summarizing. Coling 82 [Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Prague, July 5-10, 1982] Abstracts, edited by Eva Hajičová. Charles University, Prague, 1982; pp. 178-181. [PDF, 130KB]

(1982) H.L.Somers & R.L.Johnson: Bede: a microprocessor-based machine translation system. Coling 82 [Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Prague, July 5-10, 1982] Abstracts, edited by Eva Hajičová. Charles University,  Prague, 1982; pp. 266-272. [PDF, 231KB]

 (1981) Jan Landsbergen: Adaptation of Montague grammar to the requirements of parsing. In: J.A.G.Groenendijk, T.M.V.Janssen, M.B.J.Stokhof (eds.) Formal methods in the study of language (MC Tract 136) Amsterdam Mathematical Centre, 1981; pp.399-419. [PDF, 352KB]

 (1981) A.P.M.Witkam: Natural language translation in information distribution networks. [Private publ.], 1981; 15pp. [PDF, 87KB]

 (1980) Jill E.Peterson: Word sense selection in a one-to-many, interactive computer-assisted translation system. Sixth International ALLC Symposium: Computers in Literary and Linguistic Research, 28 March – 3 April 1980, University of Cambridge, England; 25pp. [PDF, 71KB]

(1980) Hiroshi Uchida & Kenji Sugiyama: A machine translation system from Japanese into English based on conceptual structure. Coling 80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980, Tokyo; pp. 455-462. [PDF, 509KB]

 (1979) Walter Goshawke: SLUNT notes: the rules of number language, part 2. British Computer Society Natural Language Translation Specialist Group, Newsletter no 8, April 1979; pp.9-16. [PDF, 243KB]

(1979) Christa Hauenschild, Edgar Huckert, & Robert Maier: SALAT: machine translation via semantic representation. In: R.Bäuerle, U.Egli, & A.von Stechow (eds.) Semantics from different points of view (Springer Series in Language and Communication, 6) Berlin: Springer, 1979; pp.324-352. [PDF, 649KB]

(1978) Walter Goshawke: SLUNT notes: the rules of number language, part I. British Computer Society Natural Language Translation Specialist Group, Newsletter no 7, November 1978; pp.9-16. [PDF, 237KB]

(1977) W.Goshawke: SLUNT (Spoken Language Universal Numeric Translation).  Overcoming the language barrier: third European Congress on Information Systems and Networks, Luxembourg, 3-6 May 1977, organised by the Commission of the European Communities (München: Verlag Dokumentation, 1977); vol.1, pp.661-675. [PDF, 179KB]

(1975) Eldon G. Lytel, Dennis Packard, Daryl Gibb, Alan K.Melby, & Floyd H.Billings, Jr.:  Junction grammar as a base for natural language processing. American Journal of Computational Linguistics, microfiche 26; 74pp. [PDF, 2259KB]

 (1974) Walter Goshawke: Spoken languages universal numeric translation. Private publ., December 1974; 28pp. [PDF, 111KB]

(1973) Yorick Wilks & Annette Herskovits: An intelligent analyser and generator for natural language. Computational and mathematical linguistics: proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Pisa, 27/VIII – 1/IX 1973, editors: A.Zampolli, N.Calzolari (Firenze: Olschki, 1980) (Biblioteca dell’Archivum Romanicum, serie II: Linguistica, 36); vol.1, pp.741-768. [PDF, 117KB]

(1973) Alan K. Melby: Junction grammar and machine assisted translation. Computational and mathematical linguistics: proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Pisa, 27/VIII – 1/IX 1973, editors: A.Zampolli, N.Calzolari (Firenze: Olschki, 1980) (Biblioteca dell’Archivum Romanicum, serie II: Linguistica, 37); vol.2, pp.785-824. [PDF, 356KB]

(1971) Rolf Stachowitz: Requirements for machine translation: problems, solutions, prospects. In: Feasibility study on fully automatic high quality translation. New York: Rome Air Development Center, Griffiss Air Force Base, December 1971; pp.409-532. [PDF, 2020KB]

Knowledge-based MT

(1989) Sergei Nirenburg: KBMT-89: a knowledge-based MT project at Carnegie-Mellon University. MT Summit II, August 16-18, 1989, Munich, Germany [Frankfurt a.M.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentations e.V.]; pp. 106-112 [PDF, 154KB]

 (1989) Sergei Nirenburg: Lexicographic support for knowledge-based machine translation. Literary and Linguistic Computing 4 (3), pp.185-190. [PDF, 93KB]

(1989) Sergei Nirenburg: New developments in knowledge-based machine translation. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1989: “Language teaching, testing, and technology: lessons from the past with a view toward the future”, James E.Alatis, ed. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1989); pp. 344-357. [PDF, 139KB]

(1989) Masaru Tomita & Jaime G.Carbonell: CMU project. In: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 72-82. [PDF, 221KB]

(1989) DLT claims new conceptual basis for machine translation. Language Technology/Electric Word 14, July-August 1989; p.9. [PDF, 200KB]

 (1988) Christian Galinski: Advanced terminology banks supporting knowledge-based MT: some reflections on the costs for setting up and operating a terminological data bank (TDB).  In: D.Maxwell, K.Schubert, & T.Witkam (eds.) New directions in machine translation. Conference proceedings, Budapest 18-19 August, 1988 (Dordrecht: Foris, 1988); pp.167-181. [note]

(1988) Sergei Nirenburg, Rita McCardell, Eric Nyberg, Scott Huffman, Edward Kernschaft, & Irene Nirenburg: Lexical realization in natural language generation. Second International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 16pp. [PDF, 278KB]

(1988) Hirosato Nomura: Meaning understanding in machine translation. Second International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 10pp. [PDF, 138KB]

(1988) Masaru Tomita, Marion Kee, Hiroaki Saito, Teruko Mitamura, & Hideto Tomabechi: Towards a speech-to-speech translation system. Interface: Journal of Applied Linguistics 3.1 (1988); pp. 57-77. [PDF, 150 KB]

(1988) Masaru Tomita, Marion Kee, Hiroaki Saito, Teruko Mitamura, & Hideto Tomabechi: The universal parser compiler and its application to a speech translation system. Second International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 19pp. [PDF, 259KB]

(1987) Jaime G. Carbonell & Masaru Tomita: Knowledge-based machine translation, the CMU approach.  In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Machine translation: theoretical and methodological issues (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); pp.68-89

(1987) Sergei Nirenburg & Victor Raskin: The subworld concept lexicon and the lexicon management system.  Computational Linguistics 13 (3-4), pp. 276-289 [PDF, 1187KB]

(1987) Rika Yoshii: JETR: a robust machine translation system. 25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 6-9 July 1987, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; pp.25-31. [PDF, 542KB]

(1986) Koichiro Ishihara, Tadashi Hirose, Atsushi Okajima, & Hiroyuki Kaji: Hitachi’s research and development in knowledge engineering. [Presented at AICA, October 1986]; 17pp. [PDF, 243KB]

(1986) Sergei Nirenburg, Victor Raskin, & Allen Tucker: On knowledge-based machine translation. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 627-632. [PDF, 508KB]

(1986) Hirosato Nomura: Problems of knowledge processing in telephony interpretation. Presentation at Workshop on Telephony Interpretation, September 1986, Osaka; 10pp. [PDF, 297KB]

(1986) B.C.Papegaaij: Word expert semantics: an interlingual knowledge-based approach; ed. V.Sadler and A.P.M.Witkam. Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1986.ix,254pp. (Distributed Language Translation, 1). Contents.

(1986) Masaru Tomita & Jaime G.Carbonell: Another stride towards knowledge-based machine translation. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 633-638. [PDF, 563KB]

(1985) Jaime G. Carbonell & Masaru Tomita: New approaches to machine translation.  Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 59-74. [PDF, 287KB]

(1984) Allen B.Tucker Jr. & Sergei Nirenburg: Machine translation: a contemporary view. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, vol.19; pp.129-160. [PDF, 167KB]

 (1984) Allen B.Tucker, Jr.: A perspective on machine translation: theory and practice. Communications of the ACM 27 (4); pp.322-329. [note]

(1981) Jaime G.Carbonell, Richard E.Cullingford, & Anatole V.Gershman: Steps toward knowledge-based machine translation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence; PAMI-3 (4), pp.376-392. [note]

Lexicalist approach

(1987) Mary McGee Wood, Elaine Pollard, Heather Horsfall, Natsuko Holden, Brian Chandler, & Jeremy Carroll: Dictionary organization for machine translation: the experience and implications of the UMIST Japanese project.  Third conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 1-3 April 1987, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; pp. 94-98. [PDF, 419KB]

Logic-based MT

(1989) Hiyan Alshawi & Jan van Eijck: Logical forms in the core language engine. 27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 26-29 June 1989, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; pp.25-32. [PDF, 616KB]

(1989) Michael McCord: LMT. MT Summit II, August 16-18, 1989, Munich, Germany [Frankfurt a.M.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentations e.V.]; pp. 94-99 [PDF, 169KB]

(1989) Michael C. McCord: Design of LMT: a Prolog-based machine translation system.  Computational Linguistics 15 (1), pp. 33-52 [PDF, 2306KB]

(1988) Pierre Isabelle, Marc Dymetman, & Elliott Macklovitch: CRITTER: a translation system for agricultural market reports. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.1, pp.261-266. [PDF, 95KB]

(1987) Kazuhiro Fuchi: The FGCS project and machine translation systems.  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; pp. 40-47 [PDF, 137KB] [Reprint in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 13-18]

(1985) J.M.Choi, M.S.Song, K.J.Jeong, H.C.Kwon, S.T.Han, & Y.T.Kim: A Prolog-based Korean-English machine translation system and its efficient method of dictionary management. Logic Programming ’85: proceedings of the conference, Tokyo 1985; pp.236-245. [PDF, 206KB]

(1985) Jan Landsbergen: Montague grammar and machine translation [with discussion]. In: Linguistic theory and computer applications, ed. P.Whitelock, M.M.Wood, H.L.Somers, R.Johnson and P.Bennett [proceedings of Workshop 4-6 September 1985, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology] (London: Academic Press, 1987); pp.113-147. [PDF, 694KB]

(1985) Michael C. McCord: LMT: a Prolog-based machine translation system. [extended abstract]  Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 179-182. [PDF, 102KB]

(1982) Jan Landsbergen: Machine translation based on logically isomorphic Montague grammars. Coling 82: proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Prague, July 5-10, 1982; edited by Ján Horecký. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1982 (North-Holland Linguistics Series 47); pp. 175-181. [PDF, 356KB]

(1982) Toyo-aki Nishida & Shuji Doshita: An English-Japanese machine translation system based on formal semantics of natural language. Coling 82: proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Prague, July 5-10, 1982; edited by Ján Horecký. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1982 (North-Holland Linguistics Series 47); pp. 277-282. [PDF, 292KB]

(1980) Werner Dilger: Automatic translation with attribute grammars. Coling 80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980, Tokyo; pp. 397-404. [PDF, 530KB]

(1980) Toyo-aki Nishida & Shuji Doshita: Hierarchical meaning representation and analysis of natural language documents. Coling 80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980, Tokyo; pp. 85-92. [PDF, 635KB]

Multilingual systems

(1989) Ulrich Heid & Sybille Raab: Collocations in multilingual generation. Fourth conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 10-12 April 1989, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, England; pp. 130-136. [PDF, 507KB]

(1989) B.Maegaard: EUROTRA: the machine translation project of the European Communities. In: J.A.Campbell and J.Cuena (eds.) Perspectives in artificial intelligence, vol.II: machine translation, NLP, databases and computer-aided instruction (Chichester: Ellis Horwood, 1989); pp.39-47. [PDF, 111KB]

(1989) Victor Sadler: The bilingual knowledge bank: a new conceptual basis for MT. [Utrecht]: Buroo voor Systeemontwikkeling, March 1989; var.pp. [PDF, 979KB]

(1989) Victor Sadler: Translating with a simulated bilingual knowledge bank (BKB). [Utrecht]: Buroo vor Systeemontwikkeling, April 1989; 15pp. [PDF, 399KB]

(1989) Hiroshi Uchida: Interlingua – necessity of interlingua for multilingual translation. In: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), p. 29. [PDF, 77KB] [Rewritten version of paper given at MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit, Hakone, Japan, September 1987]

 (1989) Akira Uehara: MT project for Asian languages. IFTT’89: Harmonizing human beings and computers in translation. International Forum for Translation Technology, April 26-28, 1989, Oiso Prince Hotel. (Japan Electronic Industry Development Association.); p.55. [PDF, 12KB]

 (1989) Dan Maxwell: DLT: a multilingual translation system. SESAME 2 (2); pp.30-38. [PDF, 235KB]

(1988) Christian Boitet: Pros and cons of the pivot and transfer approaches in multilingual machine translation. In: D.Maxwell, K.Schubert, & T.Witkam (eds.) New directions in machine translation. Conference proceedings, Budapest 18-19 August, 1988 (Dordrecht: Foris, 1988); pp.93-107. [note]

(1988) Megumi Kameyama: Atomization in grammar sharing. 26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 7-10 June 1988, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA; pp.194-203. [PDF, 804KB]

(1988) Bente Maegaard: Designing and testing linguistic development phases in a machine translation project. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.1, pp.387-389. [PDF, 306KB]

(1988) B.Maegaard: Eurotra: the machine translation project of the European Communities. Literary and Linguistic Computing 3 (2),pp.61-65. [PDF, 132KB]

(1988) Anthony Raw, Frank van Eynde, Pius ten Hacken, Heleen Hoekstra, & Bart Vandecapelle: A introduction to the Eurotra machine translation system. Working Papers in Natural Language Processing 1), [1988]; 38pp. [PDF, 627KB]

(1988) Mike Scott: The automated translation of software, particularly the computer user interface and user manuals.  Translating and the Computer 10:The translation environment 10 years on, ed. Pamela Mayorcas. Proceedings of a conference… 10-11 November 1988, CBI Conference Centre, Centre Point, London (London: Aslib, 1990); pp.109-118. [PDF, 85KB]

(1988) Frank van Eynde: The analysis of tense and aspect in Eurotra. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.2, pp.699-704. [PDF, 517KB]

(1988) Giovanni B. Varile & Peter Lau: Eurotra: practical experience with a multilingual machine translation system under development.  Second conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 9-12 February 1988, Austin-Marriott at the Capitol, Austin, Texas, USA;  pp. 160-167. [PDF, 522KB]

(1988) Toon Witkam: DLT – an industrial R&D project for multilingual MT. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.2, pp.756-759. [PDF, 294KB]

(1987) Peter Lau: Eurotra: past, present and future. Translating and the Computer 9: potential and practice, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 12-13 November 1987, CBI Conference Centre, Centre Point, London (London: Aslib, 1988); pp.186-191. [PDF, 31KB]

(1987) Peter Lau & Sergei Perschke: Morphology in the Eurotra base level concept. Third conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 1-3 April 1987, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; pp. 19-25. [PDF, 522KB]

(1987) Sergei Perschke: EUROTRA: the EEC R&D programme for the creation of a machine translation system of advanced design.  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; pp. 89-96 [PDF, 103KB] [Reprint in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 37-44]

 (1987) Gray Sutherland: [review of] Multilingual aspects of information technology, by P.A.Bennett, R.Lh.Johnson, John McNaught, Jeanette Pugh, J.C.Sager and Harold L.Somers (Gower Publishing, 1986). Language Monthly 43, April 1987; pp.30-31. [PDF, 47KB]

(1987) Yoshihide Tsuji: Research and development project of machine translation system with Japan’s neighboring countries.  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; pp. 116-120 [PDF, 126KB] [Reprint in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 50-53]

(1987) Hiroshi Uchida: Necessity for interlingua for multilingual translation.  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; p. 128 [PDF, 49KB] [Revised version in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), p. 29]

(1986) D.J.Arnold, S.Krauwer, M.Rosner, L.des Tombe, & G.B.Varile: The <C,A>,T framework in Eurotra: a theoretically committed notation for MT. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 297-303. [PDF, 681KB]

(1986) Masaru Tomita & Jaime G.Carbonell: Another stride towards knowledge-based machine translation. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 633-638. [PDF, 563KB]

(1986) Hiroshi Uchida: Fujitsu machine translation system: ATLAS. Future Generations Computer Systems 2 (1986); pp. 95-100. [PDF,  184KB]

(1986) Tony Whitecomb: Eurotra goes public. Language Monthly 38, November 1986; pp.20-21. [PDF, 97KB]

(1986)  Eurotra: first annual report. Commission of the European Communities com (86) 431 final,  Brussels, 25 July 1986; 30pp. [PDF, 45KB]

(1986) Eurotra: second annual report of the Commission, including the first activity report of the Eurotra Advisory Committee on Programme Management (ACPM) submitted by the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament; 19pp. [PDF]

(1985) Rod Johnson, Maghi King, & Louis des Tombe: EUROTRA: a multilingual system under development.  Computational Linguistics 11 (2-3), pp. 155-169 [PDF, 1406KB]

(1985) Bernard Vauquois & Christian Boitet: Automated translation at Grenoble University.  Computational Linguistics 11 (1), pp. 28-36 [PDF, 983KB] [Reprinted in: Jonathan Slocum (ed.) Machine translation systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988; pp. 85-110.]

(1984) Doug Arnold & Rod Johnson: Robust processing in machine translation. Coling84: 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984, Stanford University, California. Proceedings; pp.472-475. [PDF, 354KB]

(1984) R.L.Johnson, S.Krauwer, M.A.Rosner, & G.B.Varile: The design of the kernel architecture for the Eurotra software. Coling84: 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984, Stanford University, California. Proceedings; pp.226-235. [PDF, 726KB]

 (1984) M.King & S.Perschke: EUROTRA.  In: Margaret King (ed.) Machine translation today: the state of the art. Proceedings of the Third Lugano Tutorial, Lugano, Switzerland, 2-7 April 1984 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1987); pp. 373-391.

(1984) Steven Krauwer & Louis des Tombe: Transfer in a multilingual MT system. Coling84: 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984, Stanford University, California. Proceedings; pp.464-467. [PDF, 216KB]

(1984) G.Thurmair: Linguistic problems in multilingual morphological decomposition. Coling84: 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984, Stanford University, California. Proceedings; pp.174-177. [PDF, 377KB]

(1984) A.P.M.Witkam: Distributed language translation, another MT system. International Conference on Methodology and Techniques of Machine Translation: processing from words to language… Cranfield, 13-15 February 1984, Natural Language Translation Specialist Group of the British Computer Society; 11pp. [PDF, 63KB]. [Printed in: Ian D.K.Kelly (ed.) Progress in machine translation: natural language and personal computers (Wilmslow, UK: Sigma Press, 1989); pp.133-142.]

(1983) Harold L. Somers: Investigating the possibility of a microprocessor-based machine translation system. First conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 1-3 February 1983, Miramar-Sheraton Hotel, Santa Monica, California, USA; pp. 149-155 [PDF, 537KB]

(1983) A.A.Streiff: New developments in TITUS 4.  Tools for the Trade: Translating and the Computer 5. Proceedings of a conference… 10-11 November 1983, London Press Centre, ed. Veronica Lawson. (London: Aslib, 1985); pp.185-192 [PDF, 52KB]

(1983) A.P.M.Witkam: DLT: distributed language translation – a multilingual system for computer networks. Feasibility study of a multilingual facility for videotex information networks. Utrecht: Buro voor Systeemontwikkeling, 1983. 8 files. [PDF]

(1982) H.L.Somers & R.L.Johnson: Bede: a microprocessor-based machine translation system. Coling 82 [Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Prague, July 5-10, 1982] Abstracts, edited by Eva Hajičová. Charles University, Prague, 1982; pp. 266-272. [PDF, 231KB]

(1981) M. King: EUROTRA: an attempt to achieve multilingual MT. Practical experience of machine translation. Proceedings of a conference, London, 5-6 November 1981. Ed.Veronica Lawson (Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1982); pp, 139-147. [PDF, 35KB]

(1981) Margaret King: EUROTRA – a European system for machine translation. Lebende Sprachen 26; pp.12-14. [PDF, 48KB]

(1980) Ch.Boitet & N.Nedobejkine: Russian-French at GETA: outline of the method and detailed example. Coling 80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980, Tokyo; pp. 437-446. [PDF, 650KB]

 (1980) Alan K.Melby: Design and implementation of a computer-assisted translation system. British Computer Society Natural Language Translation Specialist Group, Newsletter no 9, January 1980; pp.7-19. [PDF, 372KB]

(1980) Alan K.Melby, Melvin R.Smith & Jill Peterson: ITS: interactive translation system. Coling 80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980, Tokyo; pp. 424-429. [PDF, 403KB]

(1979) Bente Maegaard & Hanne Ruus: Structuring linguistic information for machine translation: the EUROTRA interface structure. In: Human translation, machine translation. Papers from the 10th annual Conference on Computational Linguistics in Odense, Denmark, 22-23 November 1979; ed. Suzanne Hanon and Viggo Hjørnager Pedersen (Odense Universitet, August 1980); pp. 159-169. [PDF, 85KB]

(1979) Juan C.Sager: The computer and multilingualism at the European Commission. Lebende Sprachen 24; pp.103-107. [PDF, 64KB]

(1978) Hermann-Josef Zingel: Experiences with TITUS II. International Classification 5 (1), March 1978; pp.33-37. [PDF, 75KB]

(1977) P. Canisius: Automatic partial translation in a multilingual information system.  Overcoming the language barrier: third European Congress on Information Systems and Networks, Luxembourg, 3-6 May 1977, organised by the Commission of the European Communities (München: Verlag Dokumentation, 1977); vol.1, pp.259-269. [PDF, 128KB]

(1977) P.P.Toma: SYSTRAN as a multilingual machine translation system. Overcoming the language barrier: third European Congress on Information Systems and Networks, Luxembourg, 3-6 May 1977, organised by the Commission of the European Communities (München: Verlag Dokumentation, 1977); vol.1, pp.569-581. [PDF, 119KB]

(1976) John Chandioux: Leibnitz – a multilingual system [abstract]. In: FBIS Seminar on Machine Translation, 8-9 March 1976, Rosslyn, Virginia. American Journal of Computational Linguistics, microfiche 46; p.25 [PDF, 41KB]

Pattern-based methods (see also Example-based methods, Learning and training)

(1987) F.W.M.Stentiford & M.G.Steer: A speech driven language translation system. {Martlesham Heath: British Telecom, 1987]; 4pp. [PDF, 145KB]

(1987) British Telecom News Release, PB115, Translating speech by computer, August 5, 1987; 6pp. [PDF,93KB]

(1986) Hirosato Nomura & Hitoshi Iida: English-Japanese interactive machine translation system LUTE – AID. International Conference on the State of the Art in Machine Translation in America, Asia and Europe. Proceedings of IAI-MT86, 20-22 August 1986, Bürgerhaus, Dudweiler; pp.131-145. [PDF, 146KB]

 (1984) Peter Nwoye O.Mbaeyi: What is the language of memory? International Conference on Methodology and Techniques of Machine Translation: processing from words to language… Cranfield, 13-15 February 1984, Natural Language Translation Specialist Group of the British Computer Society; abstract, 1p. [PDF, 8KB]

(1981) Margaret Masterman: The limits of innovation in machine translation. Practical experience of machine translation. Proceedings of a conference, London, 5-6 November 1981. Ed.Veronica Lawson (Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1982); pp, 163-186. [PDF, 161KB]

 (1980) Paul L.Garvin: The fulcrum approach – twelve years later. International Forum on Information and Documentation  5 (2), 1980; 27-29. [PDF, 40KB]

Pivot language systems (see also Interlingua methods)

(1988) Christian Boitet: Pros and cons of the pivot and transfer approaches in multilingual machine translation. In: D.Maxwell, K.Schubert, & T.Witkam (eds.) New directions in machine translation. Conference proceedings, Budapest 18-19 August, 1988 (Dordrecht: Foris, 1988); pp.93-107. [note]

(1988) Klaus Schubert: Implicitness as a guiding principle in machine translation. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.2, pp.599-601. [PDF, 135KB]

Proposed systems

 (1989) Akira Uehara: MT project for Asian languages. IFTT’89: Harmonizing human beings and computers in translation. International Forum for Translation Technology, April 26-28, 1989, Oiso Prince Hotel. (Japan Electronic Industry Development Association.); p.55. [PDF, 12KB]

(1988) Anthony Raw, Frank van Eynde, Pius ten Hacken, Heleen Hoekstra, & Bart Vandecapelle: A introduction to the Eurotra machine translation system. Working Papers in Natural Language Processing 1), [1988]; 38pp. [PDF, 627KB]

(1987) Yoshihide Tsuji: Research and development project of machine translation system with Japan’s neighboring countries.  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; pp. 116-120 [PDF, 126KB] [Reprint in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 50-53]

 (1987) IBM machine translation study. Language Technology 2, July-August 1987; p.4. [PDF, 96KB]

(1986) E.Luctkens & Ph.Ferment: A prototype machine translation based on extracts from data processing manuals. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 643-645. [PDF, 263KB]

(1986)  Eurotra: first annual report. Commission of the European Communities com (86) 431 final,  Brussels, 25 July 1986; 30pp. [PDF, 45KB]

(1986) Eurotra: second annual report of the Commission, including the first activity report of the Eurotra Advisory Committee on Programme Management (ACPM) submitted by the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament; 19pp. [PDF]

(1985) Christian Boitet, Nelson Verastegui, & Daniel Bachut: Various representations of text proposed for Eurotra. Second conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 27-29 March 1985, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; pp. 73-78. [PDF, 419KB]

 (1984) A.P.M.Witkam: Distributed language translation, another MT system. International Conference on Methodology and Techniques of Machine Translation: processing from words to language… Cranfield, 13-15 February 1984, Natural Language Translation Specialist Group of the British Computer Society; 11pp. [PDF, 63KB]. [Printed in: Ian D.K.Kelly (ed.) Progress in machine translation: natural language and personal computers (Wilmslow, UK: Sigma Press, 1989); pp.133-142.]

(1983) A.P.M.Witkam: DLT: distributed language translation – a multilingual system for computer networks. Feasibility study of a multilingual facility for videotex information networks. Utrecht: Buro voor Systeemontwikkeling, 1983. 8 files. [PDF]

 (1982) Ian D.K.Kelly: The machine translation of open-ended answers. British Computer Society Natural Language Translation Specialist Group, Newsletter no 12, April 1982; pp.15-20. [PDF, 500KB]

(1981) Margaret King: EUROTRA – a European system for machine translation. Lebende Sprachen 26; pp.12-14. [PDF, 48KB]

(1981) Atsushi Okajima: A research on machine translation in Hitachi Ltd., Oct.1981; mimeograph, 2pp. [PDF, 39KB]

(1976) John Chandioux: Leibnitz – a multilingual system [abstract]. In: FBIS Seminar on Machine Translation, 8-9 March 1976, Rosslyn, Virginia. American Journal of Computational Linguistics, microfiche 46; p.25 [PDF, 41KB]

(1973) Christian Boitet: Towards an adaptative and interactive system in automatic translation. Computational and mathematical linguistics: proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Pisa, 27/VIII – 1/IX 1973, editors: A.Zampolli, N.Calzolari (Firenze: Olschki, 1980) (Biblioteca dell’Archivum Romanicum, serie II: Linguistica, 37); vol.2, pp.731-759. [PDF, 543KB]

(1973) Annette Stachowitz: Beyond the feasibility study: lexicographic progress.  Computational and mathematical linguistics: proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Pisa, 27/VIII – 1/IX 1973, editors: A.Zampolli, N.Calzolari (Firenze: Olschki, 1980) (Biblioteca dell’Archivum Romanicum, serie II: Linguistica, 36); vol.1, pp.323-335. [PDF, 600KB]

(1973) Rolf A. Stachowitz: Beyond the feasibility study: syntax and semantics.  Computational and mathematical linguistics: proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Pisa, 27/VIII – 1/IX 1973, editors: A.Zampolli, N.Calzolari (Firenze: Olschki, 1980) (Biblioteca dell’Archivum Romanicum, serie II: Linguistica, 37); vol.2, pp.837-848. [PDF, 144KB]

Rule-based systems

(1988) Hiroyuki Kaji: An efficient execution method for rule-based machine translation. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.2, pp.824-829. [PDF, 601KB]

(1986) Muriel Vasconcellos: Application of MT in an integrated environment: update on the Pan American Health Organization. American Translators Association Conference – 1986: Proceedings of the 27th annual conference of the American Translators Association, Cleveland, Ohio, October 16-19, 1986, ed. Karl Kummer (Medford, NJ: Learned Information, Inc., 1986); pp.129-133. [PDF, 2954KB]

(1970) André R. Gouin: French to English machine translation system based upon digital computer software programs (Systran). MSc thesis, School of Engineering, Air Force Institute of technology, Air University (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, [USA]), March 1970. xii, 41pp. (appendices omitted) [PDF, 4077KB]

Spoken language translation

(1989) Christian Boitet: Representation and computation of units of translation for machine interpretation of spoken texts. Computers and Artificial Intelligence 8 (6); pp.505-545. [PDF, 1065KB]

(1989) E.A.Cordon: Session 5: summary of the discussion.  Translating and the Computer 11: Preparing for the next decade, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 16-17 November 1989, The Conference Forum, The Sedgwick Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1990); pp.118-119. [PDF, 11KB]

(1989) Masako Kume, Gayle K.Sato, & Kei Yoshimoto: A descriptive framework for translating speaker’s meaning – towards a dialogue translation systems between Japanese and English.  Fourth conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 10-12 April 1989, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, England; pp. 264-271. [PDF, 658KB]

(1989) Akira Kurematsu: Research on automatic telephone interpretation. MT Summit II, August 16-18, 1989, Munich, Germany [Frankfurt a.M.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentations e.V.]; pp. 80-81 [PDF, 90KB]

(1988) Shin-ya Amano, Hiroyasu Nogami, & Seiji Miike: A step toward telecommunication with a machine interpreter. Second International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 10pp. [PDF, 119KB]

(1988) Kiyoshi Kogure, Hitoshi Iida, Kei Yoshimoto, Hiroyuki Maeda, Masako Kume, & Susumu Kato: A method of analyzing Japanese speech act types. Second International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 10pp. [PDF, 197KB]

(1988) Masaru Tomita: Towards speech translation systems. [Contribution to panel on Real-time interpretive MT systems]. Second International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 3pp. [PDF, 54KB]

(1988) Masaru Tomita, Marion Kee, Hiroaki Saito, Teruko Mitamura, & Hideto Tomabechi: Towards a speech-to-speech translation system. Interface: Journal of Applied Linguistics 3.1 (1988); pp. 57-77. [PDF, 150 KB]

(1988) Masaru Tomita, Marion Kee, Hiroaki Saito, Teruko Mitamura, & Hideto Tomabechi: The universal parser compiler and its application to a speech translation system. Second International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 19pp. [PDF, 259KB]

 (1987) Herbert R.J.Grosch: Kobayashi’s dream. Language Technology 1, May-June 1987; p.5. [PDF, 399KB]

 (1987) Malcolm Jones: New ways to communicate: services provided by British Telecom. Translating and the Computer 9: potential and practice, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 12-13 November 1987, CBI Conference Centre, Centre Point, London (London: Aslib, 1988); pp.56-68. [PDF, 51KB]

(1987) F.W.M.Stentiford & M.G.Steer: A speech driven language translation system. {Martlesham Heath: British Telecom, 1987]; 4pp. [PDF, 145KB]

(1987) British Telecom News Release, PB115, Translating speech by computer, August 5, 1987; 6pp. [PDF,93KB]

(1987) British Telecom announce voice translation prototype. Language Monthly 49, October 1987; pp.4-5. [PDF, 84KB]

(1986) Hirosato Nomura: Problems of knowledge processing in telephony interpretation. Presentation at Workshop on Telephony Interpretation, September 1986, Osaka; 10pp. [PDF, 297KB]

 (1985) Japanese plan for automatic translation of telephone calls. Language Monthly 26, November 1985; p.9. [PDF, 45KB]

Statistical MT

(1988) P.Brown, J.Cocke, S.Della Pietra, V.Della Pietra, F.Jelinek, R.Mercer, & P.Roossin: A statistical approach to language translation. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.1, pp.71-76. [PDF, 523KB]

(1988) P.Brown, J.Cocke, S.Della Pietra, V.Della Pietra, F.Jelinek, R.Mercer, & P.Roossin: A statistical approach to French/English translation. Second International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 16pp. [PDF, 322KB]

Transfer-based MT (see also Lexical transfer, Syntactic transfer)

(1989) Shin-ya Amano, Hideki Hirakawa, & Yoshinao Tsutsumi: AS-TRANSAC: the Toshiba machine translation system. In: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 107-112 [PDF, 142KB] [Revised version of paper given at MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit, Hakone, Japan, September 1987]

(1989) John A.Bateman, Robert T.Kasper, Jörg F.L.Schütz, & Eric H.Steiner: A new view on the process of translation. Fourth conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 10-12 April 1989, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, England; pp. 282-290. [PDF, 667KB]

(1989) Michael C. McCord: Design of LMT: a Prolog-based machine translation system.  Computational Linguistics 15 (1), pp. 33-52 [PDF, 2306KB]

(1989) B.Maegaard: EUROTRA: the machine translation project of the European Communities. In: J.A.Campbell and J.Cuena (eds.) Perspectives in artificial intelligence, vol.II: machine translation, NLP, databases and computer-aided instruction (Chichester: Ellis Horwood, 1989); pp.39-47. [PDF, 111KB]

(1989) Sergei Perschke: EUROTRA. MT Summit II, August 16-18, 1989, Munich, Germany [Frankfurt a.M.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentations e.V.]; pp. 113-119 [PDF, 92KB]

(1989) C.J.Rupp: Situation semantics and machine translation. Fourth conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 10-12 April 1989, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, England; pp. 308-318. [PDF, 896KB]

(1989) Rémi Zajac: A transfer model using a typed feature structure rewriting system with inheritance. 27th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 26-29 June 1989, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; pp.1-6. [PDF, 486KB]

 (1989) METAL translation heavies. .Language Technology/Electric Word 11, January-February 1989; pp.9-10. [PDF, 138KB]

(1988) Juan A. Alonso: A model for transfer control in the METAL MT-system. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.1, pp.19-24. [PDF, 383KB]

(1988) Doug Arnold, Steven Krauwer, Louis des Tombe, & Louisa Sadler: 'Relaxed' compositionality in machine translation. Second International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 21pp. [PDF, 105KB]

(1988) Alevtina Bémová, Karel Oliva, & Jarmila Panevová: Some problems of machine translation between closely related languages. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.1, pp.46-48. [PDF, 352KB]

(1988) Christian Boitet: Bernard Vauqois' contribution to the theory and practice of building MT systems: a historical perspective. Second International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 18pp. (including bibliography) [PDF, 256KB]

(1988) Christian Boitet: Pros and cons of the pivot and transfer approaches in multilingual machine translation. In: D.Maxwell, K.Schubert, & T.Witkam (eds.) New directions in machine translation. Conference proceedings, Budapest 18-19 August, 1988 (Dordrecht: Foris, 1988); pp.93-107. [note]

(1988) Rudi Gebruers: Valency and MT: recent developments in the METAL system. Second conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 9-12 February 1988, Austin-Marriott at the Capitol, Austin, Texas, USA;  pp. 168-175. [PDF, 656KB]

 (1988) B.Maegaard: Eurotra: the machine translation project of the European Communities. Literary and Linguistic Computing 3 (2), pp.61-65. [PDF, 132KB]

 (1988) Anthony Raw, Frank van Eynde, Pius ten Hacken, Heleen Hoekstra, & Bart Vandecapelle: A introduction to the Eurotra machine translation system. Working Papers in Natural Language Processing 1), [1988]; 38pp. [PDF, 627KB]

(1988) Anthony Raw, Bart Vandecapelle & Frank Van Eynde: Eurotra: an overview. Interface: Journal of Applied Linguistics 3.1 (1988); pp. 5-32. [PDF, 218KB]

(1988) Klaus Schubert: The architecture of DLT – interlingual or double direct?  In: D.Maxwell, K.Schubert, & T.Witkam (eds.) New directions in machine translation. Conference proceedings, Budapest 18-19 August, 1988 (Dordrecht: Foris, 1988); pp.131-144. [note]

(1988) Chen Zhaoxiang & Gao Qingshi: English-Chinese machine translation system IMT/EC. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.1, pp.117-122. [PDF, 573KB]

(1988) Pierre Isabelle, Marc Dymetman, & Elliott Macklovitch: CRITTER: a translation system for agricultural market reports. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.1, pp.261-266. [PDF, 95KB]

(1988) Heidi M.Johnson, Yukiko Sekine, John S.White, & Gil C.Kim: Application of natural language interface to a machine translation problem. Second International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, June 12-14, 1988, Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine Translation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [USA]; 15pp. [PDF, 189KB]

(1988) Zdeněk Kirschner: Traditional means in machine translation. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.1, pp.328-331. [PDF, 333KB]

(1988) Fujio Nishida, Shinobu Takamatsu, Tadaaki Tani, & Tsunehisa Doi: Feedback of correcting information in postediting to a machine translation system. Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.2, pp.476-481. [PDF, 691KB]

(1988) P.C.Rolf: Machine translation: the languages network (versus the intermediate language). Coling Budapest: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22-27 August 1988, John von Neumann Society for Computing Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; vol.2, pp.544-548. [PDF, 440KB]

(1988) Giovanni B. Varile & Peter Lau: Eurotra: practical experience with a multilingual machine translation system under development.  Second conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 9-12 February 1988, Austin-Marriott at the Capitol, Austin, Texas, USA;  pp. 160-167. [PDF, 522KB]

(1987) Shin-ya Amano, Hideki Hirakawa & Yoshinao Tsutsumi: TAURAS: the Toshiba machine translation system.  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; pp. 15-23 [PDF, 119KB] [Reprint as ‘AS-TRANSAC’ in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 107-112]

(1987) Doug Arnold & Louis des Tombe: Basic theory and methodology in EUROTRA.  In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Machine translation: theoretical and methodological issues (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); pp.114-135.

(1987) Ch. Boitet: Current state and future outlook of the research at GETA.  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; pp. 26-35 [PDF, 173KB] [Reprint in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 54-65]

(1987) Jan Hajič: RUSLAN – an MT system between closely related languages. Third conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 1-3 April 1987, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;  pp. 113-117. [PDF, 288KB]

(1987) Eva Hajičova & Zdeněk Kirschner: Fail-soft (“emergency”) measures in a production-oriented MT system.  Third conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 1-3 April 1987, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; pp. 104-108. [PDF, 308KB]

 (1987) Andrew Joscelyne: Calliope and other pipedreams. Language Technology 4, November-December 1987; pp.20-21 [PDF, 748KB]

(1987) Hiroyuki Kaji: HICATS/JE: a Japanese-to-English machine translation system based on semantics.  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; pp. 55-60 [PDF, 122KB] [Reprint in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 101-106]

(1987) Peter Lau: Eurotra: past, present and future. Translating and the Computer 9: potential and practice, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 12-13 November 1987, CBI Conference Centre, Centre Point, London (London: Aslib, 1988); pp.186-191. [PDF, 31KB]

(1987) Sergei Perschke: EUROTRA: the EEC R&D programme for the creation of a machine translation system of advanced design.  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; pp. 89-96 [PDF, 103KB] [Reprint in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 37-44]

(1987) Thomas Schneider: The Metal system, status 1987.  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; pp. 105-111 [PDF, 112KB] [Reprint in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 122-127]

(1987) Harold Somers: Some thoughts on interface structure(s). In Wolfram Wilss & Klaus-Dirk Schmitz (eds.) Maschinelle Übersetzung – Methoden und Werkzeuge: Akten des 3.Internationalen Kolloquiums des Sonderforschungsbereichs 100 “Elektronische Sprachforschung”, Saarbrücken, 1.-3.September 1986 (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1987); pp. 81-99. [PDF, 127KB]

(1987) Jun-ichi Tsujii: The current stage of the Mu-project.  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; pp. 122-127 [PDF, 119KB] [Reprint in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 66-71]

(1987) Hiroshi Uchida: ATLAS: Fujitsu machine translation system.  MT Summit: Machine Translation Summit.  Manuscripts & Program, September 17-19, 1987, Hakone Prince Hotel, Japan; pp. 129-134 [PDF, 94KB] [Revised version in: Makoto Nagao (ed.) Machine translation summit (Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1989), pp. 93-100]

(1987) John S. White: The research environment in the METAL project.  In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Machine translation: theoretical and methodological issues (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); pp.225-246.

(1986) Axel Biewer, Christian Féneyrol, Johannes Ritzke, & Erwin Stegentritt: ASCOF – a modular multilevel system for French-German translation. International Conference on the State of the Art in Machine Translation in America, Asia and Europe. Proceedings of IAI-MT86, 20-22 August 1986, Bürgerhaus, Dudweiler; pp.267-281. [PDF, 90KB]

(1986) Christian Boitet: Current machine translation systems developed with GETA’s methodology and software tools.  Translating and the Computer 8: a profession on the move, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 13-14 November 1986, CBI Conference Centre, Centre Point, London (London: Aslib, 1987); pp.114-132. [PDF, 169KB]

(1986) Karl-Heinz Freigang: Research on machine translation at the University of Saarbrücken. Translating and the Computer 8: a profession on the move, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 13-14 November 1986, CBI Conference Centre, Centre Point, London (London: Aslib, 1987); pp.83-94. [PDF, 58KB]

(1986) Johann Haller & Dieter Maas: Eurotra-D: linguistic research and software test systems for machine translation. International Conference on the State of the Art in Machine Translation in America, Asia and Europe. Proceedings of IAI-MT86, 20-22 August 1986, Bürgerhaus, Dudweiler; pp.177-196. [PDF, 65KB]

(1986) Xiuming Huang: A brief description of the XTRA machine translation system. International Conference on the State of the Art in Machine Translation in America, Asia and Europe. Proceedings of IAI-MT86, 20-22 August 1986, Bürgerhaus, Dudweiler; pp.282-285. [PDF, 40KB]

(1986) Pierre Isabelle & Elliott Macklovitch: Transfer and MT modularity. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 115-117. [PDF, 239KB]

(1986) Lieven Jaspaert: Linguistic developments in Eurotra since 1983. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 294-296. [PDF, 282KB]

(1986) Ikuo Kudo & Hirosato Nomura: Lexical-functional transfer: a transfer framework in a machine translation system based on LFG. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 112-114. [PDF, 342KB]

(1986) Jürgen Kunze: Transfer as a touchstone for analysis. International Conference on the State of the Art in Machine Translation in America, Asia and Europe. Proceedings of IAI-MT86, 20-22 August 1986, Bürgerhaus, Dudweiler; pp.51-64. [PDF, 70КB]

(1986) R. Leermakers & J.Rous: The translation method of Rosetta. Presented at the International Conference on Machine and Machine-aided Translation, April 7-9, 1986, Aston University Birmingham; 20pp. [PDF,328KB]

(1986) E.Luctkens & Ph.Ferment: A prototype machine translation based on extracts from data processing manuals. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 643-645. [PDF, 263KB]

(1986) Makoto Nagao & Jun-ichi Tsujii: The transfer phase of the Mu machine translation system. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 97-103. [PDF, 560KB}

(1986) Makoto Nagao, Jun’ichi Tsujii & Jun’ichi Nakamura: Science and Technology Agency’s Mu machine translation project. Future Generations Computer Systems 2 (1986); pp.125-139. [PDF, 494KB]

(1986) Makoto Nagao, Jun-ichi Tsujii, & Jun-ichi Nakamura: Machine translation from Japanese into English. Proceedings of the IEEE 74 (7), July 1986; pp.993-1012. [PDF, 669KB]

(1986) Annely Rothkegel: Pragmatics in machine translation. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 335-337. [PDF, 262KB]

(1986) Yoshiyuki Sakamoto, Taeko Ariga, & Atsushi Washio: Unified operation control system for Mu machine translation. International Conference on the State of the Art in Machine Translation in America, Asia and Europe. Proceedings of IAI-MT86, 20-22 August 1986, Bürgerhaus, Dudweiler; pp.114-128. [PDF, 172KB]

(1986) Cay-Holger Stoll: The SYSTRAN system. International Conference on the State of the Art in Machine Translation in America, Asia and Europe. Proceedings of IAI-MT86, 20-22 August 1986, Bürgerhaus, Dudweiler; pp.3-19. [PDF, 83KB]

(1986)Tong Loong-Cheong: English-Malay translation system: a laboratory prototype. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 639-642. [PDF, 410KB]

(1986) Tajiro Tsutsumi: A prototype English-Japanese machine translation system for translating IBM computer manuals. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 646-648. [PDF, 339KB]

(1986) Peter Wheeler: The LOGOS translation system . International Conference on the State of the Art in Machine Translation in America, Asia and Europe. Proceedings of IAI-MT86, 20-22 August 1986, Bürgerhaus, Dudweiler; pp.20-33. [PDF, 72KB]

(1986) P.J.Whitelock, M.McGee Wood, B.J.Chandler, N.Holden & H.J.Horsfall: Strategies for interactive machine translation: the experience and implications of the UMIST Japanese project. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 329-334. [PDF, 684KB]

(1986) Zaharin Yusoff: Strategies and heuristics in the analysis of a natural language in machine translation. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 136-139. [PDF, 403KB]

(1986) Rémi Zajac: SCSL: a linguistic specification language for MT. Coling ’86: 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 25th to 29th, 1986, University of Bonn, [Germany]. Proceedings; pp. 393-398. [PDF, 414KB]

(1986)  Eurotra: first annual report. Commission of the European Communities com (86) 431 final,  Brussels, 25 July 1986; 30pp. [PDF, 45KB]

(1986) Eurotra: second annual report of the Commission, including the first activity report of the Eurotra Advisory Committee on Programme Management (ACPM) submitted by the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament; 19pp. [PDF]

(1985) Winfield S. Bennett & Jonathan Slocum: The LRC machine translation system.  Computational Linguistics 11 (2-3), pp. 111-121 [PDF, 1157KB] [Reprinted in: Jonathan Slocum (ed.) Machine translation systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988; pp. 111-140.]

(1985) Axel Biewer, Christian Féneyrol, Johannes Ritzke & Erwin Stegentritt: ASCOF - a modular multilevel system for French-German translation.  Computational Linguistics 11 (2-3), pp. 137-154 [PDF, 1339KB] [Reprinted in: Jonathan Slocum (ed.) Machine translation systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988; pp. 49-84.]

(1985) Ch. Boitet, P. Guillaume, & M. Quezel-Ambrunaz: A case study in software evolution: from Ariane-78.4 to Ariane-85.  Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 27-58. [PDF, 340KB] [abstract, 2pp.]

(1985) J.M.Choi, M.S.Song, K.J.Jeong, H.C.Kwon, S.T.Han, & Y.T.Kim: A Prolog-based Korean-English machine translation system and its efficient method of dictionary management. Logic Programming ’85: proceedings of the conference, Tokyo 1985; pp.236-245. [PDF, 206KB]

(1985) Pierre Isabelle & Laurent Bourbeau: TAUM-AVIATION: its technical features and some experimental results.  Computational Linguistics 11 (1), pp. 18-27 [PDF, 976KB] [Reprinted in: Jonathan Slocum (ed.) Machine translation systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988; pp. 237-263.]

(1985) Rod Johnson, Maghi King, & Louis des Tombe: EUROTRA: a multilingual system under development.  Computational Linguistics 11 (2-3), pp. 155-169 [PDF, 1406KB]

(1985) Michael C. McCord: LMT: a Prolog-based machine translation system. [extended abstract]  Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 179-182. [PDF, 102KB]

(1985) Makoto Nagao, Jun-ichi Tsujii, & Jun-ichi Nakamura: The Japanese government project for machine translation system.  Computational Linguistics 11 (2-3), pp. 91-110 [PDF, 1499KB] [Reprinted in: Jonathan Slocum (ed.) Machine translation systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988; pp. 141-186.]

 (1985) Hiroshi Uchida, Tatsuya Hayashi, & Hiroshi Kushima: ATLAS: automatic translation system. Fujitsu Science and Technology Journal 21 (3), July 1985; pp.317-329. [PDF, 405KB]

(1985) Muriel Vasconcellos & Marjorie Léon: SPANAM and ENGSPAN: machine translation at the Pan American Health Organization.  Computational Linguistics 11 (2-3), pp. 122-136 [PDF, 1664KB] [Reprinted in: Jonathan Slocum (ed.) Machine translation systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988; pp. 187-235.]

 (1985) B.Vauquois: The approach of Geta to automatic translation: comparison with some other methods. In: A.Razzak A.Wahab & Mohmoud E.Sieny (eds.) Studies in machine translation: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Computer Aided Translation, organized by the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology in Riyadh… 16-17 March, 1985 (Riyadh: 1986); pp.29-96. [PDF, 383KB]

(1985) Bernard Vauquois & Christian Boitet: Automated translation at Grenoble University.  Computational Linguistics 11 (1), pp. 28-36 [PDF, 983KB] [Reprinted in: Jonathan Slocum (ed.) Machine translation systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988; pp. 85-110.]

(1985) Bernard Vauquois & Sylviane Chappuy: Static grammars: a formalism for the description of linguistic models.  Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 298-322. [PDF, 282KB]

(1985) John S. White: Characteristics of the METAL machine translation system at production stage.  Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, August 14-16, 1985 [TMI-1985]; pp. 359-369. [PDF, 128KB]

 (1984) C.Boitet: Research and development on MT and related techniques at Grenoble University.  In: Margaret King (ed.) Machine translation today: the state of the art. Proceedings of the Third Lugano Tutorial, Lugano, Switzerland, 2-7 April 1984 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1987); pp. 133-153.

(1984) Beat Buchmann, Susan Warwick, & Patrick Shann: Design of a machine translation system for a sublanguage. Coling84: 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984, Stanford University, California. Proceedings; pp.334-337. [PDF, 356KB]

 (1984) J.-P.Guilbaud: Principles and results of a German to French MT system at Grenoble University. In: Margaret King (ed.) Machine translation today: the state of the art. Proceedings of the Third Lugano Tutorial, Lugano, Switzerland, 2-7 April 1984 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1987); pp. 278-318.

 (1984) Pierre Isabelle: Machine translation at the TAUM group.  In: Margaret King (ed.) Machine translation today: the state of the art. Proceedings of the Third Lugano Tutorial, Lugano, Switzerland, 2-7 April 1984 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1987); pp. 247-277.

(1984) Martin Kay: Functional unification grammar: a formalism for machine translation. Coling84: 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984, Stanford University, California. Proceedings; pp.75-78. [PDF, 402KB]

 (1984) M.King & S.Perschke: EUROTRA.  In: Margaret King (ed.) Machine translation today: the state of the art. Proceedings of the Third Lugano Tutorial, Lugano, Switzerland, 2-7 April 1984 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1987); pp. 373-391.

(1984) Zdeněk Kirschner: On a dependency analysis of English for automatic translation. Contributions to functional syntax, semantics, and language comprehension, ed.Petr Sgall (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1984); pp.335-358. [PDF, 123KB]

(1984) Steven Krauwer & Louis Des Tombe: Reflections on transfer in machine translation. Contrastes, Hors série A4, jan.1984; pp.69-80. [PDF, 47KB]

(1984) Steven Krauwer & Louis des Tombe: Transfer in a multilingual MT system. Coling84: 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984, Stanford University, California. Proceedings; pp.464-467. [PDF, 216KB]

 (1984) Marjorie León: Development of English-Spanish machine translation. International Conference on Methodology and Techniques of Machine Translation: processing from words to language… Cranfield, 13-15 February 1984, Natural Language Translation Specialist Group of the British Computer Society; 19pp. [PDF, 162KB]; abstract, 1p. [PDF, 8KB]. [Printed in: Ian D.K.Kelly (ed.) Progress in machine translation: natural language and personal computers (Wilmslow, UK: Sigma Press, 1989); pp.97-117.]

(1984) Heinz Dieter Maas: Control and data structures in the MT system SUSY-E.  International Conference on Methodology and Techniques of Machine Translation: processing from words to language… Cranfield, 13-15 February 1984, Natural Language Translation Specialist Group of the British Computer Society; abstract, 3pp. [PDF, 160KB]

 (1984) Heinz-Dieter Maas: The MT system SUSY. In: Margaret King (ed.) Machine translation today: the state of the art. Proceedings of the Third Lugano Tutorial, Lugano, Switzerland, 2-7 April 1984 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1987); pp. 209-246.

(1984) Elliott Macklovitch: Recent Canadian experience in machine translation. International Conference on Methodology and Techniques of Machine Translation: processing from words to language… Cranfield, 13-15 February 1984, Natural Language Translation Specialist Group of the British Computer Society; 11pp. [PDF, 37KB]. [Printed in: Ian D.K.Kelly (ed.) Progress in machine translation: natural language and personal computers (Wilmslow, UK: Sigma Press, 1989); pp.59-67.]

(1984) Makoto Nagao, Toyoaki Nishida & Jun-ichi Tsujii: Dealing with incompleteness of linguistic knowledge in language translation – transfer and generation stage of Mu machine translation project. Coling84: 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics & 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2-6 July 1984, Stanford University, California. Proceedings; pp.420-427. [PDF, 473KB]

(1984) Makoto Nagao: Outline of the machine translation projects of the Japanese government. International Forum on Information and Documentation, 1984, vol. 9 (2); 12-17. [PDF, 61KB]

 (1984) Jonathan Slocum: METAL: the LRC machine translation system.  In: Margaret King (ed.) Machine translation today: the state of the art. Proceedings of the Third Lugano Tutorial, Lugano, Switzerland, 2-7 April 1984 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1987); pp. 319-350.

 (1984) Allen B.Tucker, Jr.: A perspective on machine translation: theory and practice. Communications of the ACM 27 (4); pp.322-329. [note]

 (1984) Peter J.Wheeler: SYSTRAN. In: Margaret King (ed.) Machine translation today: the state of the art. Proceedings of the Third Lugano Tutorial, Lugano, Switzerland, 2-7 April 1984 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1987); pp. 192-208.

(1983) Jonathan Slocum: A status report on the LRC machine translation system. First conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 1-3 February 1983, Miramar-Sheraton Hotel, Santa Monica, California, USA; pp. 166-173 [PDF, 701KB; original defective first page]]

(1982) Winfield S.Bennett: The LRC machine translation system: an overview of the linguistic component of METAL. Coling 82 [Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Prague, July 5-10, 1982] Abstracts, edited by Eva Hajičová. Charles University, Prague, 1982; pp. 29-31. [PDF, 108KB]

(1982) Ch.Boitet, P.Guillaume, & M.Quezel-Ambrunaz: Implementation and conversational environment of ARIANE 78.4: an integrated system for automated translation and human revision. Coling 82: proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Prague, July 5-10, 1982; edited by Ján Horecký. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1982 (North-Holland Linguistics Series 47); pp. 19-27. [PDF, 434KB]

 (1982) Ian D.K.Kelly: The machine translation of open-ended answers. British Computer Society Natural Language Translation Specialist Group, Newsletter no 12, April 1982; pp.15-20. [PDF, 500KB]

(1982) Bente Maegaard: The transfer of finite verb forms in a machine translation system. Coling 82 [Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Prague, July 5-10, 1982] Abstracts, edited by Eva Hajičová. Charles University, Prague, 1982; pp. 190-195. [PDF, 219KB]

 (1982) Makoto Nagao, Jun-ichi Tsujii, Koji Yada, & Toshihiro Kakimoto: An English Japanese machine translation system of the titles of scientific and engineering papers. Coling 82: proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Prague, July 5-10, 1982; edited by Ján Horecký. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1982 (North-Holland Linguistics  Series 47); pp. 245-252. [PDF, 316KB]

(1982) Susumu Sawai, Hiromichi Fukushima, Masakatsu Sugimoto, & Naoya Ukai: Knowledge representation and machine translation. Coling 82: proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Prague, July 5-10, 1982; edited by Ján Horecký. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1982 (North-Holland Linguistics Series 47); pp. 351-354. [PDF, 304KB]

(1982) Jun-ichi Tsujii: The transfer phase in an English-Japanese translation system. Coling 82: proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Prague, July 5-10, 1982; edited by Ján Horecký. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1982 (North-Holland Linguistics Series 47); pp. 383-390. [PDF, 462KB]

(1981) Christian Boitet & Nikolai Nedobejkine: Recent developments in Russian-French machine translation at Grenoble. Linguistics 19 (1981), pp.199-271. [PDF, 1227KB]

(1981) M. King: EUROTRA: an attempt to achieve multilingual MT. Practical experience of machine translation. Proceedings of a conference, London, 5-6 November 1981. Ed.Veronica Lawson (Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1982); pp, 139-147. [PDF, 35KB]

(1981) Margaret King: EUROTRA – a European system for machine translation. Lebende Sprachen 26; pp.12-14. [PDF, 48KB]

(1981) John Lehrberger: The linguistic model: general aspects. In: Laurent Bourbeau (ed.) Linguistic documentation of the computerized translation chain of the TAUM-AVIATION system (Montreal: TAUM, 1981), pt.IV. 20pp. [PDF, 393KB]

(1980) Ch.Boitet & N.Nedobejkine: Russian-French at GETA: outline of the method and detailed example. Coling 80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980, Tokyo; pp. 437-446. [PDF, 650KB]

(1980) Alan K.Melby, Melvin R.Smith & Jill Peterson: ITS: interactive translation system. Coling 80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980, Tokyo; pp. 424-429. [PDF, 403KB]

(1980) M.Nagao, J.Tsujii, K.Mitamura, H.Hirakawa, & M.Kume: A machine translation from Japanese into English – another perspective of MT systems. Coling 80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980, Tokyo; pp. 414-423. [PDF, 926KB]

(1980) Z.M.Shalyapina: Problems of formal representation of text structure from the point of view of automatic translation. Coling 80: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Sept.30 – Oct.4, 1980, Tokyo; pp. 174-182. [PDF, 1076KB]

(1980) Jonathan Slocum: An experiment in machine translation. 18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 19-22 June 1980, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; pp.163-164. [PDF, 191KB]

(1979) Bente Maegaard & Hanne Ruus: Structuring linguistic information for machine translation: the EUROTRA interface structure. In: Human translation, machine translation. Papers from the 10th annual Conference on Computational Linguistics in Odense, Denmark, 22-23 November 1979; ed. Suzanne Hanon and Viggo Hjørnager Pedersen (Odense Universitet, August 1980); pp. 159-169. [PDF, 85KB]

 (1977) Christian Boitet: Where does GETA stand at the beginning of 1977?  Overcoming the language barrier: third European Congress on Information Systems and Networks, Luxembourg, 3-6 May 1977, organised by the Commission of the European Communities (München: Verlag Dokumentation, 1978); vol.2, pp.88-120. [PDF, 220KB]

(1977) John Chandioux: Creation of a second-generation system for machine translation of technical manuals. Overcoming the language barrier: third European Congress on Information Systems and Networks, Luxembourg, 3-6 May 1977, organised by the Commission of the European Communities (München: Verlag Dokumentation, 1977); vol.1, pp.613-621. [PDF, 112KB]

(1977) H.D.Maas: The Saarbrücken automatic translation system (SUSY).  Overcoming the language barrier: third European Congress on Information Systems and Networks, Luxembourg, 3-6 May 1977, organised by the Commission of the European Communities (München: Verlag Dokumentation, 1977); vol.1, pp.586-592. [PDF, 101KB]

(1977) P.P.Toma: SYSTRAN as a multilingual machine translation system. Overcoming the language barrier: third European Congress on Information Systems and Networks, Luxembourg, 3-6 May 1977, organised by the Commission of the European Communities (München: Verlag Dokumentation, 1977); vol.1, pp.569-581. [PDF, 119KB]

(1973) Alan K. Melby: Junction grammar and machine assisted translation. Computational and mathematical linguistics: proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Pisa, 27/VIII – 1/IX 1973, editors: A.Zampolli, N.Calzolari (Firenze: Olschki, 1980) (Biblioteca dell’Archivum Romanicum, serie II: Linguistica, 37); vol.2, pp.785-824. [PDF, 356KB]

(1972) R.I.Kittredge: The Montreal MT prototype. Cahiers Linguistique d’Ottawa 2 (1972); pp.69-81. [PDF, 98KB]

Word-for-word approach

(1984) Liu Shiao-shu: TECM – translation of English into Chinese on a micro. International Conference on Methodology and Techniques of Machine Translation: processing from words to language… Cranfield, 13-15 February 1984, Natural Language Translation Specialist Group of the British Computer Society; 11pp. [PDF, 66KB]. [Printed in: Ian D.K.Kelly (ed.) Progress in machine translation: natural language and personal computers (Wilmslow, UK: Sigma Press, 1989); pp.191-200.]

(1978) Alastair McKinnon & Per Bondesen: Computer translation: a different approach. Revue de l’Organisation Internationale pour l’Etude des Langues Ancienne par Ordinateur (Liège), 1978 (2); 37-46. [PDF, 51KB]

(1977) P. Canisius: Automatic partial translation in a multilingual information system.  Overcoming the language barrier: third European Congress on Information Systems and Networks, Luxembourg, 3-6 May 1977, organised by the Commission of the European Communities (München: Verlag Dokumentation, 1977); vol.1, pp.259-269. [PDF, 128KB]

(1970) Th.R.Hofmann & Brian Harris: Pidgin translation. Meta 15 (2), June 1970; 71-87. [PDF, 159KB]