Tamil is a relatively low-resource language in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). Recent years have seen a growth in Tamil NLP datasets in Natural Language Understanding (NLU) or Natural Language Generation (NLG) tasks, but high-quality linguistic resources remain scarce. In order to alleviate this gap in resources, this paper introduces Aalamaram, a treebank with rich linguistic annotations for the Tamil language. It is hitherto the largest publicly available Tamil treebank with almost 10,000 sentences from diverse sources and is annotated for the tasks of Part-of-speech (POS) tagging, Named Entity Recognition (NER), Morphological Parsing and Dependency Parsing. Close attention has also been paid to multi-word segmentation, especially in the context of Tamil clitics. Although the treebank is based largely on the Universal Dependencies (UD) specifications, significant effort has been made to adjust the annotation rules according to the idiosyncrasies and complexities of the Tamil language, thereby providing a valuable resource for linguistic research and NLP developments.

Sentiment analysis in natural language processing (NLP), endeavors to computationally identify and extract subjective information from textual data. In code-mixed text, sentiment analysis presents a unique challenge due to the mixing of languages within a single textual context. For low-resourced languages such as Tamil and Tulu, predicting sentiment becomes a challenging task due to the presence of text comprising various scripts. In this research, we present the sentiment analysis of code-mixed Tamil and Tulu Youtube comments. We have developed a Bidirectional Long-Short Term Memory (BiLSTM) networks based models for both languages which further uses contextualized word embeddings at input layers of the models. For that purpose, ELMo embeddings have been trained on larger unannotated code-mixed text like corpora. Our models performed with macro average F1-scores of 0.2877 and 0.5133 on Tamil and Tulu code-mixed datasets respectively.

This paper reports the development of the first dependency treebank for the Sinhala language (STB). Sinhala, which is morphologically rich, is a low-resource language with few linguistic and computational resources available publicly. This treebank consists of 100 sentences taken from a large contemporary written text corpus. These sentences were annotated manually according to the Universal Dependencies framework. In this paper, apart from elaborating on the approach that has been followed to create the treebank, we have also discussed some interesting syntactic constructions found in the corpus and how we have handled them using the current Universal Dependencies specification.

This paper describes an ongoing development of a grammar error checker for the Tamil language using a state-of-the-art deep neural-based approach. This proposed checker capture a vital type of grammar error called subject-predicate agreement errors. In this case, we specifically target the agreement error that occurs between nominal subject and verbal predicates. We also created the first-ever grammar error annotated corpus for Tamil. In addition, we experimented with different multi-lingual pre-trained language models to capture syntactic information and found that IndicBERT gives better performance for our tasks. We implemented this grammar checker as a multi-class classification on top of the IndicBERT pre-trained model, which we fine-tuned using our annotated data. This baseline model gives an F1 Score of 73.4. We are now in the process of improving this proposed system with the use of a dependency parser.

This paper describes how we developed a neural-based dependency parser, namely ThamizhiUDp, which provides a complete pipeline for the dependency parsing of the Tamil language text using Universal Dependency formalism. We have considered the phases of the dependency parsing pipeline and identified tools and resources in each of these phases to improve the accuracy and to tackle data scarcity. ThamizhiUDp uses Stanza for tokenisation and lemmatisation, ThamizhiPOSt and ThamizhiMorph for generating Part of Speech (POS) and Morphological annotations, and uuparser with multilingual training for dependency parsing. ThamizhiPOSt is our POS tagger, which is based on the Stanza, trained with Amrita POS-tagged corpus. It is the current state-of-the-art in Tamil POS tagging with an F1 score of 93.27. Our morphological analyzer, ThamizhiMorph is a rule-based system with a very good coverage of Tamil. Our dependency parser ThamizhiUDp was trained using multilingual data. It shows a Labelled Assigned Score (LAS) of 62.39, 4 points higher than the current best achieved for Tamil dependency parsing. Therefore, we show that breaking up the dependency parsing pipeline to accommodate existing tools and resources is a viable approach for low-resource languages.

This paper describes a new and larger coverage Finite-State Morphological Analyser (FSM) and Generator for the Dravidian language Tamil. The FSM has been developed in the context of computational grammar engineering, adhering to the standards of the ParGram effort. Tamil is a morphologically rich language and the interaction between linguistic analysis and formal implementation is complex, resulting in a challenging task. In order to allow the development of the FSM to focus more on the linguistic analysis and less on the formal details, we have developed a system of meta-morph(ology) rules along with a script which translates these rules into FSM processable representations. The introduction of meta-morph rules makes it possible for computationally naive linguists to interact with the system and to expand it in future work. We found that the meta-morph rules help to express linguistic generalisations and reduce the manual effort of writing lexical classes for morphological analysis. Our Tamil FSM currently handles mainly the inflectional morphology of 3,300 verb roots and their 260 forms. Further, it also has a lexicon of approximately 100,000 nouns along with a guesser to handle out-of-vocabulary items. Although the Tamil FSM was primarily developed to be part of a computational grammar, it can also be used as a web or stand-alone application for other NLP tasks, as per general ParGram practice.