Open-source large language models (LLMs) have gained significant strength across diverse fields. Nevertheless, the majority of studies primarily concentrate on English, with only limited exploration into the realm of multilingual abilities.In this work, we therefore construct an open-source multilingual supervised fine-tuning dataset.Different from previous works that simply translate English instructions, we consider both the language-specific and language-agnostic abilities of LLMs. Firstly, we introduce a knowledge-grounded data augmentation approach to elicit more language-specific knowledge of LLMs, improving their ability to serve users from different countries. Moreover, we find modern LLMs possess strong cross-lingual transfer capabilities, thus repeatedly learning identical content in various languages is not necessary. Consequently, we can substantially prune the language-agnostic supervised fine-tuning (SFT) data without any performance degradation, making multilingual SFT more efficient.The resulting UltraLink dataset comprises approximately 1 million samples across five languages (i.e., En, Zh, Ru, Fr, Es), and the proposed data construction method can be easily extended to other languages.UltraLink-LM, which is trained on the UltraLink dataset, outperforms several representative baselines across many tasks.

Text simplification aims to make the text easier to understand by applying rewriting transformations. There has been very little research on Chinese text simplification for a long time. The lack of generic evaluation data is an essential reason for this phenomenon. In this paper, we introduce MCTS, a multi-reference Chinese text simplification dataset. We describe the annotation process of the dataset and provide a detailed analysis. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of several unsupervised methods and advanced large language models. We additionally provide Chinese text simplification parallel data that can be used for training, acquired by utilizing machine translation and English text simplification. We hope to build a basic understanding of Chinese text simplification through the foundational work and provide references for future research. All of the code and data are released at https://github.com/blcuicall/mcts/.

Text revision is a necessary process to improve text quality. During this process, writers constantly edit texts out of different edit intentions. Identifying edit intention for a raw text is always an ambiguous work, and most previous work on revision systems mainly focuses on editing texts according to one specific edit intention. In this work, we aim to build a multi-intent text revision system that could revise texts without explicit intent annotation. Our system is based on prefix-tuning, which first gets prefixes for every edit intent, and then trains a prefix transfer module, enabling the system to selectively leverage the knowledge from various prefixes according to the input text. We conduct experiments on the IteraTeR dataset, and the results show that our system outperforms baselines. The system can significantly improve the SARI score with more than 3% improvements, which thrives on the learned editing intention prefixes.

“汉语学习者文本纠错(Chinese Learner Text Correction)评测比赛,是依托于第22届中国计算语言学大会举办的技术评测。针对汉语学习者文本,设置了多维度汉语学习者文本纠错和中文语法错误检测两个赛道。结合人工智能技术的不断进步和发展的时代背景,在两赛道下分别设置开放和封闭任务。开放任务允许使用大模型。以汉语学习者文本多维标注语料库YACLC为基础建设评测数据集,建立基于多参考答案的评价标准,构建基准评测框架,进一步推动汉语学习者文本纠错研究的发展。共38支队伍报名参赛,其中5支队伍成绩优异并提交了技术报告。”

The definition generation task can help language learners by providing explanations for unfamiliar words. This task has attracted much attention in recent years. We propose a novel task of Simple Definition Generation (SDG) to help language learners and low literacy readers. A significant challenge of this task is the lack of learner’s dictionaries in many languages, and therefore the lack of data for supervised training. We explore this task and propose a multitasking framework SimpDefiner that only requires a standard dictionary with complex definitions and a corpus containing arbitrary simple texts. We disentangle the complexity factors from the text by carefully designing a parameter sharing scheme between two decoders. By jointly training these components, the framework can generate both complex and simple definitions simultaneously. We demonstrate that the framework can generate relevant, simple definitions for the target words through automatic and manual evaluations on English and Chinese datasets. Our method outperforms the baseline model by a 1.77 SARI score on the English dataset, and raises the proportion of the low level (HSK level 1-3) words in Chinese definitions by 3.87%.

The construct of linguistic complexity has been widely used in language learning research. Several text analysis tools have been created to automatically analyze linguistic complexity. However, the indexes supported by several existing Chinese text analysis tools are limited and different because of different research purposes. CTAP is an open-source linguistic complexity measurement extraction tool, which prompts any research purposes. Although it was originally developed for English, the Unstructured Information Management (UIMA) framework it used allows the integration of other languages. In this study, we integrated the Chinese component into CTAP, describing the index sets it incorporated and comparing it with three linguistic complexity tools for Chinese. The index set includes four levels of 196 linguistic complexity indexes: character level, word level, sentence level, and discourse level. So far, CTAP has implemented automatic calculation of complexity characteristics for four languages, aiming to help linguists without NLP background study language complexity.

“自动句法分析是自然语言处理中的一项核心任务,受限于依存句法中每个节点只能有一条入弧的规则,基础依存句法中许多实词之间的关系无法用依存弧和依存标签直接标明;同时,已有的依存句法体系中的依存关系还有进一步细化、提升的空间,以便从中提取连贯的语义关系。面对这种情况,本文在斯坦福基础依存句法规范的基础上,研制了汉语增强依存句法规范,主要贡献在于:介词和连词的增强、并列项的传播、句式转换和特殊句式的增强。此外,本文提供了基于Python的汉语增强依存句法转换的转换器,以及一个基于Web的演示,该演示将句子从基础依存句法树通过本文的规范解析成依存图。最后,本文探索了增强依存句法的实际应用,并以搭配抽取和信息抽取为例进行相关讨论。”

“句式结构树库是以句本位语法为理论基础构建的句法资源,对汉语教学以及句式结构自动句法分析等研究具有重要意义。目前已有的句式结构树库语料主要来源于教材领域,其他领域的标注数据较为缺乏,如何高效地扩充高质量的句法树库是值得研究的问题。人工标注句法树库费时费力,并且树库质量也难以保证,为此,本文尝试通过规则的方法,将宾州中文树库(ctb)转换为句式结构树库,从而扩大现有句式结构树库的规模。实验结果表明,本文提出的基于树库转换规则的方法是有效的。”

“The definition generation task aims to generate a word’s definition within a specific context automatically. However, owing to the lack of datasets for different complexities, the definitions produced by models tend to keep the same complexity level. This paper proposes a novel task of generating definitions for a word with controllable complexity levels. Correspondingly, we introduce COMPILING, a dataset given detailed information about Chinese definitions, and each definition is labeled with its complexity levels. The COMPILING dataset includes 74,303 words and 106,882 definitions. To the best of our knowledge, it is the largest dataset of the Chinese definition generation task. We select various representative generation methods as baselines for this task and conduct evaluations, which illustrates that our dataset plays an outstanding role in assisting models in generating different complexity-level definitions. We believe that the COMPILING dataset will benefit further research in complexity controllable definition generation.”

This paper describes the BLCU-ICALL system used in the SemEval-2022 Task 1 Comparing Dictionaries and Word Embeddings, the Definition Modeling subtrack, achieving 1st on Italian, 2nd on Spanish and Russian, and 3rd on English and French. We propose a transformer-based multitasking framework to explore the task. The framework integrates multiple embedding architectures through the cross-attention mechanism, and captures the structure of glosses through a masking language model objective. Additionally, we also investigate a simple but effective model ensembling strategy to further improve the robustness. The evaluation results show the effectiveness of our solution. We release our code at: https://github.com/blcuicall/SemEval2022-Task1-DM.

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) aims to correct writing errors and help language learners improve their writing skills. However, existing GEC models tend to produce spurious corrections or fail to detect lots of errors. The quality estimation model is necessary to ensure learners get accurate GEC results and avoid misleading from poorly corrected sentences. Well-trained GEC models can generate several high-quality hypotheses through decoding, such as beam search, which provide valuable GEC evidence and can be used to evaluate GEC quality. However, existing models neglect the possible GEC evidence from different hypotheses. This paper presents the Neural Verification Network (VERNet) for GEC quality estimation with multiple hypotheses. VERNet establishes interactions among hypotheses with a reasoning graph and conducts two kinds of attention mechanisms to propagate GEC evidence to verify the quality of generated hypotheses. Our experiments on four GEC datasets show that VERNet achieves state-of-the-art grammatical error detection performance, achieves the best quality estimation results, and significantly improves GEC performance by reranking hypotheses. All data and source codes are available at https://github.com/thunlp/VERNet.

学术英语写作在国际学术交流中的作用日益凸显,然而对于英语非母语者,学术英语写作是困难的,为此本文对计算语言领域中美学者学术英语写作中词汇难度特征做比较研究。自构建1132篇中美论文全文语料库,统计语料中484个词汇难度特征值。经过特征筛选与因子分析的降维处理得到表现较好的五个维度。最后计算中美学者论文的维度分从而比较差异,发现美国学者的论文相较中国学者的论文中词汇单位更具常用性、二元词串更具稳固性、三元词串更具稳固性、虚词更具复杂性、词类更具关联性。主要原因在于统计特征值时借助的外部资源库与美国学者的论文更贴近,且中国学者没有完全掌握该领域学术写作的习惯。因此,中国学者可充分利用英语本族语者构建的资源库,从而产出更为地道与流利的学术英语论文。

语法纠错任务旨在通过自然语言处理技术自动检测并纠正文本中的语序、拼写等语法错误。当前许多针对汉语的语法纠错方法已取得较好的效果,但往往忽略了学习者的个性化特征,如二语等级、母语背景等。因此,本文面向汉语作为第二语言的学习者,提出个性化语法纠错,对不同特征的学习者所犯的错误分别进行纠正,并构建了不同领域汉语学习者的数据集进行实验。实验结果表明,将语法纠错模型适应到学习者的各个领域后,性能得到明显提升。

释义生成任务是指为一个目标词生成相应的释义。前人研究中文释义生成任务时未考虑目标词的上下文,本文首次在中文释义生成任务中使用了目标词的上下文信息,并提出了一个基于BERT与柱搜索的释义生成模型。本文构建了包含上下文的CWN中文数据集用于开展实验,除了BLEU指标之外,还使用语义相似度作为额外的自动评价指标,实验结果显示本文模型在中文CWN数据集和英文Oxford数据集上均有显著提升,人工评价结果也与自动评价结果一致。最后,本文对生成实例进行了深入分析。

汉语学习者依存句法树库为非母语者语料提供依存句法分析,可以支持第二语言教学与研究,也对面向第二语言的句法分析、语法改错等相关研究具有重要意义。然而,现有的汉语学习者依存句法树库数量较少,且在标注方面仍存在一些问题。为此,本文改进依存句法标注规范,搭建在线标注平台,并开展汉语学习者依存句法标注。本文重点介绍了数据选取、标注流程等问题,并对标注结果进行质量分析,探索二语偏误对标注质量与句法分析的影响。

This paper describes the BLCU Group submissions to the Building Educational Applications (BEA) 2019 Shared Task on Grammatical Error Correction (GEC). The task is to detect and correct grammatical errors that occurred in essays. We participate in 2 tracks including the Restricted Track and the Unrestricted Track. Our system is based on a Transformer model architecture. We integrate many effective methods proposed in recent years. Such as, Byte Pair Encoding, model ensemble, checkpoints average and spell checker. We also corrupt the public monolingual data to further improve the performance of the model. On the test data of the BEA 2019 Shared Task, our system yields F0.5 = 58.62 and 59.50, ranking twelfth and fourth respectively.

Recently, topic modeling has been widely applied in data mining due to its powerful ability. A common, major challenge in applying such topic models to other tasks is to accurately interpret the meaning of each topic. Topic labeling, as a major interpreting method, has attracted significant attention recently. However, most of previous works only focus on the effectiveness of topic labeling, and less attention has been paid to quickly creating good topic descriptors; meanwhile, it’s hard to assign labels for new emerging topics by using most of existing methods. To solve the problems above, in this paper, we propose a novel fast topic labeling framework that casts the labeling problem as a k-nearest neighbor (KNN) search problem in a probability vector set. Our experimental results show that the proposed sequential interleaving method based on locality sensitive hashing (LSH) technology is efficient in boosting the comparison speed among probability distributions, and the proposed framework can generate meaningful labels to interpret topics, including new emerging topics.