General and miscellaneous index 1990-1999

Machine Translation Archive

Index of general and miscellaneous topics

Publications before 1970

For other periods go to: Publications since 2010; publications 2005-2009; publications 2000-2004; publications 1990-1999; publications 1970-1989

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Associations and societies

(1960) Helen Bronson: Special report [of planning committee]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.521-522. [PDF, 60KB]

Bibliography

(1967) Erwin Reifler: Chinese-English machine translation: its lexicographic and linguistic problems [with extensive bibliography]. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.317-428.

(1964) F.Papp: Mathematical and applied linguistics at the University of Debrecen. Computational Linguististics 1964, vol.2; pp.213-218. [PDF, 76KB]

(1960) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: The present status of automatic translation of languages. Advances in Computers 1, 91-163. [PDF, 353KB]

(1960) Erwin Reifler: Machine language translation. III. Publications on MT linguistics. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.37-55. [PDF, 858KB]

(1958) Anthony G.Oettinger: A survey of Soviet work on automatic translation, Mechanical Translation 5 (3), December 1958; pp. 101-110 [PDF, 167KB]

(1958) George W.Reitwiesner & Martin H.Weik: Survey of the field of mechanical translation of languages. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Ballistic Research Laboratories, Memorandum Report no.1147, May 1958; 63pp. [PDF, 182KB]

(1957) F.R.Taylor: Mechanical translation of languages: a special subject list, no.21. London: Library Association, July 1957; 12pp. [PDF, 367KB]

(1955) Bibliography. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 227-236.

(1955-1958) see Bibliography sections in each issue of Mechanical Translation

(1953) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Machine translation. Computers and Automation 2 (5); pp.1-6. [PDF, 40KB]

Book reviews

(1960) A.D..Booth: Translation by machine in the USSR. Automation Progress, September 1960;p.311. [PDF, 68KB]

(1959) Paul L.Garvin: Some Soviet papers on machine translation. International Journal of Slavic Linguistics and Poetics 1 (2), 1959; pp.280-283. [PDF, 128KB]

Collaboration

(1960) E.Delavenay: Machine translation of languages: research and organizational problems. Impact of Science on Society 10 (1960); pp.26-44. [PDF, 114KB]

(1959) A.D.Booth [chairman]: Discussions [of conference papers in]: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.941-953. [PDF, 197KB]

Conference reports

(1961) Andrew .D.Booth: Progress in automatic language translation. Control, pt 1: October 1961; pp.103-105; pt 2: November 1961, pp.103-105. PDF, 318KB]

(1960) Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960 (Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 1968); iii, 30pp. [PDF, 100KB]

(1958) V.Yu.Rozentsveig: The work on machine translation in the Soviet Union, Fourth International Congress of Slavicists reports, Sept. 1958, Mechanical Translation 5 (3), December 1958; pp. 95-100 [PDF, 119KB]

(1954) Erwin Reifler: The first conference on mechanical translation, Mechanical Translation 1 (2), August 1954; pp. 23-32 [PDF, 144KB]

(1954) A.C. Reynolds: The conference on mechanical translation held at M.I.T., June 17-20, 1952. Mechanical Translation 1(3), December 1954; pp. 47-55 [PDF, 97KB]

(1952) A.C.Reynolds: Conference on mechanical translations, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 17-20, 1952. [New York: IBM, September 16, 1952]; 14pp. [original typescript of report later published in “Mechanical Translation” in 1954.] [PDF, 526KB]

Economic aspects

(1963) Sydney M.Lamb: Machine-aided translation. Berkeley: University of California, Sept.1963; 6pp. [PDF, 27KB]

(1960) Franz L.Alt: The outlook for machine translation. Proceedings of the AFIPS Western Joint Computer Conference, Vol. 17. San Francisco, Calif., May 1960; pp.203-208. [PDF, 60KB]

(1960) Session 11: equipment. Questions and discussion [by B.D.Blickstein, A.F.R.Brown, H.P.Edmundson, R.M.Hayes, D.A.Kellogg, J.Mersel, A.G.Oettinger, P.Toma]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.515-518. [PDF, 70KB]

(1959) Andrew D. Booth: Syntactic processing for machine translation and its implications for cost and speed. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.759-763. [PDF, 30KB]

(1957) Léon Dostert: Practical objectives of machine translation research. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.181-186 [PDF, 76KB]

(1955) James W.Perry: A practical development problem. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 174-182.

FAHQT (Fully automatic high quality translation)

(1968) A. Ljudskanov: Is the generally accepted strategy of machine-translation research optimal? Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1968; pp. 14-21 [PDF, 222KB]

(1962) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Four lectures on algebraic linguistics and machine translation. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 1-26. [PDF, 244KB]

(1962) Y.Bar-Hillel: Machine translation: the end of an illusion [with discussion]. In: Symposium on Modern Techniques of Language Translation. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); p.331-332. [PDF]

(1960) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: A demonstration of the nonfeasibility of fully automatic high quality translation. Appendix III of ‘The present status of automatic translation of languages’. Reprinted in: Y.Bar-Hillel, Language and information (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1964), 174-179.[PDF, 89KB]

(1959) Y.Bar-Hillel: A demonstration of the non-feasibility of fully-automatic high-quality machine translation. Appendix IV of “Report on the state of machine translation in the United States and Great Britain.’ Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel, February 1959; 6pp. [PDF, 56KB]

(1959) Margaret Masterman: Fictitious sentences in language. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML91] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), 25th May 1959; 33pp. [PDF, 97KB]

(1959) Margaret Masterman: A possible counter-example to F.A.H.Q.M.T.? In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML91, appendix III] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), 1959; 5 pp. [PDF, 16KB]

(1959) K.Spärck Jones: Note on the inappropriateness of the division made by Bar-Hillel between fully automatic high quality mechanical translation (FAHQMT) and man-machine partnership translation (MMPT). In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML94] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), 1959; 1p. [PDF, 12KB]

Failures and limitations

(1967) Paul L.Garvin: Machine translation – fact or fancy? Datamation 13 (4), April 1967; pp.29-31. [PDF, 53KB]

(1966) J.M.Lufkin: Human v. machine translation of foreign languages. The Incorporated Linguist 5(1), January 1966; pp.9-15. [PDF, 436KB]

(1963) A.D.Booth: “Invisible lunatic”. Nature 200, November 2, 1963; pp.392-393. [PDF, 24KB]

(1962) Yuen Ren Chao: Translation without machine. Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists, Cambridge, Mass., August 27-31, 1962 (The Hague: Mouton, 1964); pp.504-510. [PDF, 45KB]

(1962) John A.Kouwenhoven: The trouble with translation. Harper’s Magazine August 1962; pp.38-44. [PDF, 59KB]

(1962) Ida Rhodes: Syntactic integration carried out mechanically. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 205-209. [PDF, 38KB]

(1960) D.Yu.Panov : Automatic translation. Translated from the Russian by R.Kisch, edited by A.J.Mitchell. New York, London, Oxford, Paris: Pergamon Press, 1960. iii, 73pp. [PDF, 665KB]

(1960) Session 2: Current research. Questions and discussion [by A.F.R.Brown, E.W.Cannon, G.W.King, A.G.Oettinger, M.E.Sherry, M.Zarechnak]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.133-135. [PDF, 49KB]

(1959) Y.Bar-Hillel: Some linguistic obstacles to machine translation. Appendix II of ‘Report on the state of machine translation in the United States and Great Britain.’ Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel, February 1959; 10pp.[PDF, 84KB]

(1959) Margaret Masterman: Fictitious sentences in language. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML91] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), 25th May 1959; 33pp. [PDF, 97KB]

(1956) James W.Perry: Invitational meeting on machine translation. In: Jesse H.Shera, Allen Kent, James W.Perry (eds.) Documentation in action. Based on1956 conference on documentation at Western Reserve University (New York: Reinhold Publ.Co., 1956); pp. 365-374. [PDF, 53KB]

(1956) E.H.Ullrich: [contribution to] Discussion on ‘the computer in a non-arithmetic role’ at the Convention on Digital-Computer Techniques, 12th April 1956. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol.103, part B: Supplement no.3 (1956); p.474. [PDF,19KB]

Future prospects and predictions

(1968) Sergei Perschke: Machine translation—the second phase of development. Endeavour, vol.27; pp.97-100. [PDF, 76KB]

(1967) Paul L.Garvin: Machine translation – fact or fancy? Datamation 13 (4), April 1967; pp.29-31. [PDF, 53KB]

(1967) James P.Titus: The nebulous future of machine translation. Communications of the ACM, vol.10, no.3, March 1967; pp.189-191. [PDF, 626KB]

(1965) J.R.Pierce: Report of NAS-NRC Committee on automatic language processing. (Draft). Murray Hill, NJ: Bell Telephone Laboratories, May 4, 1965; 20pp. [lacks Appendices.] [PDF, 66KB]

(1962) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: The future of machine translation. In: Freeing the mind 5: articles and letters from the Times Literary Supplement April 20 1962. [London: Times.]; pp.32-37. [PDF, 31KB]

(1961) W.P.Lehmann: Machine translation: agent of the humanities. University of Texas Studies in Literature and Language 3 (2), Summer 1961. PDF, 223 KB]

(1960) Franz L.Alt: The outlook for machine translation. Proceedings of the AFIPS Western Joint Computer Conference, Vol. 17. San Francisco, Calif., May 1960; pp.203-208. [PDF, 60KB]

(1960) E.Delavenay: Machine translation of languages: research and organizational problems. Impact of Science on Society 10 (1960); pp.26-44. [PDF, 114KB]

(1960) Victor H.Yngve: Mechanical translation research: statement…before the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, May 11, 1960; 5pp. [PDF, 31KB]

(1956) Andrew D.Booth: The practical realisation of machine translation. Methodos 8, 1956; pp.23-33. [PDF, 45KB]

(1956) William N.Locke: Language and machines. In: Jesse H.Shera, Allen Kent, James W.Perry (eds.) Documentation in action. Based on1956 conference on documentation at Western Reserve University (New York: Reinhold Publ.Co., 1956); pp. 313-317. [PDF, 28KB]

(1956) Victor H.Yngve: The outlook for mechanical translation. Babel 2 (3), October 1956; pp.99-101. [PDF, 31KB]

(1955) Victor H.Yngve: Machines for the translation of languages. Journal of Communication 5 (2), Summer 1955, 35-40. [PDF, 34KB]

(1953) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Machine translation. Computers and Automation 2 (5); pp.1-6. [PDF, 40KB]

(1952) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Mechanical translation: needs and possibilities Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [PDF, 77KB]

General methodology (see also Theoretical aspects)

(1968) D.T.Chai: Chinese-English machine translation Law and Computer Technology 1 (8), August 1968; pp.10-16. [PDF, 221KB]

(1968) Harry H.Josselson: Machine translation in review. Computers and Automation 17 (8), August 1968; pp.44-46 [PDF, 100KB]

(1967) Paul L.Garvin: Machine translation – fact or fancy? Datamation 13 (4), April 1967; pp.29-31. [PDF, 53KB]

(1967) J.McDaniel: Machine translation of natural languages. Bulletin of the Institute of Information Scientists 5 (3); pp.5-7 [with discussion, pp.7-8, 21.] [PDF, 28KB]

(1966) Paul L. Garvin: Some comments on algorithm and grammar in the automatic parsing of natural languages. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1, March 1966; pp.2-3 [PDF, 106KB]

(1966) J.M.Lufkin: Human v. machine translation of foreign languages. The Incorporated Linguist 5(1), January 1966; pp.9-15. [PDF, 436KB]

(1965) Karel Čulík: Machine translation and connectedness between phrases. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 28pp. [PDF, 1217KB]

(1965) O.S.Kulagina: Algorithms of mechanical translation. Information Processing 1965: proceedings of IFIP Congress 65, New York City, May 24-29, 1965 (Washington, D.C., Spartan Books, 1965); pp.59-64. [PDF, 159KB]

(1965) Sydney M.Lamb: The nature of the machine translation problem. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 4, 196-210. [PDF, 166KB]

(1964) Richard See: Mechanical translation and related language research. Science 144 (3619), 8 May 1964; pp.621-626. [PDF, 85KB]

(1963) L.N.Bykova, V.M.Zherebin, & G.A.Tarasova: On some problems of mechanical translation; ed. I.S.Mukhin. (Moscow: Institute of Exact Mechanics and Computing Technique, Academy of Sciences USSR, 1963); 26pp. [PDF, 160KB]

(1963) David G.Hays: Research procedures in machine translation. In: Paul L.Garvin (ed.) Natural language and the computer (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963); pp.183-214. [165KB]

(1963) I.A.Mel’chuk: Machine translation and linguistics. Chapter IV in: O.S.Akhmanova, I.A.Mel’chuk, R.M.Frumkina, E.V.Paducheva, Exact methods in linguistic research. Translated from the Russian by David G.Hays and Dolores V.Mohr (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1963); pp.44-79 [PDF, 204KB]

(1962) Paul L.Garvin: The impact of language data processing on linguistic analysis. Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists, Cambridge, Mass., August 27-31, 1962 (The Hague: Mouton, 1964); pp.706-712. [PDF, 99KB]

(1961) Paul L. Garvin: Automatic linguistic analysis – a heuristic problem. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.656-669. [PDF, 44KB] [discussion]

(1961) Erwin Reifler: The machine translation project at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington: outline of the project. Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.25-32. [PDF, 189KB]

(1961) Erwin Reifler: Machine translation. Bulletin Medical Library Association, vol.50, no.3, 1961; p.473-480. [PDF, 845KB]

(1961) V.H.Yngve: Status of research. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1961; pp.197-198. [PDF, 22KB]

(1960) Franz L.Alt: The outlook for machine translation. Proceedings of the AFIPS Western Joint Computer Conference, Vol. 17. San Francisco, Calif., May 1960; pp.203-208. [PDF, 60KB]

(1960) E.W.Cannon: Summation by chairman [of Session 2: Current research]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.136-138. [PDF, 41KB]

(1960) E.Delavenay: Machine translation of languages: research and organizational problems. Impact of Science on Society 10 (1960); pp.26-44. [PDF, 114KB]

(1960) Gilbert W. King: Functions required of a translation system. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.53-62. [PDF, 99KB]

(1960) Sydney Lamb (chairman): Open discussion session. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; pp.23-25.

(1960) Lew R.Micklesen: MT operational analysis. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.93-181. [PDF, 1358KB]

(1960) D.Y.Panov: Machine translation and the human being. Impact of Science on Society 10 (1960); pp.16-25. [PDF, 125KB]

(1960) Erwin Reifler: Machine language translation. II. The fundamental problems. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.21-33. [PDF, 449KB]

(1960) Robert E.Wall: The digital data-processing problem of machine translation of Russian to English. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.356-448. [PDF, 2202KB]

(1960) Victor H.Yngve: Mechanical translation research: statement…before the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, May 11, 1960; 5pp. [PDF, 31KB]

(1960) V.H.Yngve: Research objectives. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1960; p.183. [PDF, 19KB]

(1960) Session 1: Current research. Questions and discussion [by L.Dostert, D.G.Hays, E.B.Hunt, S.M.Lamb, M.A.Melkanoff, J.Mersel, I.Rhodes, R.H.Richens.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.45-48. [PDF, 56KB]

(1960) Session 4: Methodology [contributions by A.F.R.Brown, L.Dostert, H.P.Edmundson, V.Giuliano, R.M.Hayes, D.G.Hays, H.H.Josselson, G.W.King, S.M.Lamb, A.W.Lukjanow, A.G.Oettinger, E.Reifler, R.See, D.R.Swanson, S.N.Werbow, V.H.Yngve, and M.Zarechnak]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.195-218. [PDF, 108KB]

(1960) Session 4: Methodology. Questions and discussion [by G.W.Brown, L.Dostert, H.P.Edmundson, P.L.Garvin, D.G.Hays, H.H.Josselson, G.W.King, S.M.Lamb, A.G.Oettinger, E.Reifler, I.Rhodes, R.See, M.E.Sherry, D.R.Swanson, A.Wallace]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.219-224. [PDF, 49KB]

(1959) I.K.Bel’skaya: Some general questions of machine translation. [Translated from Sbornik statei po mashinnomu perevodu (Moskva, 1958, pp.3-32)]; 15pp. [PDF, 177KB]

(1959) Andrew D.Booth: Mechanical translation and its implications in data processing. Automatic Data Processing 1 (3), July 1959; pp.18-23. [PDF, 50KB]

(1959) P.L.Garvin: [contribution to] Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); p.218. [PDF]

(1959) Andreas Koutsoudas: Machine translation at the University of Michigan. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.765-770. [PDF, 39KB]

(1959) Margaret Masterman: [contribution to] Discussion [of] K.E.Harper and D.G.Hays: The use of machines in the construction of a grammar and computer program for structural analysis. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Unesco, 1960); pp. 193-194. [PDF]

(1959) Anthony G.Oettinger: Automatic (transference, translation, remittance, shunting). In: Reuben A.Brower (ed.) On translation (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959); pp.240-267. [Reprint: New York: Oxford University Press, 1966] [PDF, 272KB]

(1959) D.Panov: Introductory speech [to session on ‘Automatic translation of languages’]. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Unesco, 1960); pp.159-160. [PDF, 27KB]

(1958) A.D.Booth: Progress in machine translation. New Scientist vol. 4, 665-667. [PDF, 52KB]

(1958) Andrew D.Booth, L.Brandwood, & J.P.Cleave: Mechanical resolution of linguistic problems. London: Butterworth, 1958; vii, 306pp.

(1958) A.F.R.Brown: Language translation. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery, vol.5, no.1; pp.1-8. [PDF, 51KB]

(1958) H.P.Edmundson & D.G.Hays: Research methodology for machine translation, Mechanical Translation 5 (1), July 1958; pp. 8-15 [PDF, 147KB]

(1957) Andrew D.Booth: Mechanical translations. Aslib Proceedings; 9 (6), June 1957. [PDF, 119KB]

(1957) Panel II: Lexical problems in machine translation – discussion [by Victor Oswald, Gilbert King, Leon Dostert, Jack Rabinow, Paul Garvin, Simon Newman, Clyde Heasly, W.P.Lehmann, Jesse Mann, William Austin]. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.112-122. [PDF, 58KB]

(1956) Andrew D.Booth: The practical realisation of machine translation. Methodos 8, 1956; pp.23-33. [PDF, 45KB]

(1956) J.R.Firth: Linguistic analysis and translation [abstract], Mechanical Translation 3 (1), July 1956; p. 3 [PDF, 222KB]

(1956) Paul L.Garvin: Some linguistic problems in machine translation. In: Morris Halle, Horace G.Lunt, Hugh McLean, Cornelis H.van Schooneveld (eds.) For Roman Jakobson: essays on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday, 11 October 1956. (The Hague: Mouton, 1956); pp.180-186. [PDF, 79KB]

(1956) D.Panov: Concerning the problem of machine translation of languages. [Moscow]: The Academy of Sciences, U.S.S.R.; 35pp. [PDF, 450KB]

(1956) D.Panov, I.Mukhin, & I.Bel’skaya: A machine translates from one language to another. Pravda, January 22, 1956; translated from the Russian by Dr.Lew R.Micklesen. The Trend in Engineering at the University of Washington, July 1956; pp.28-29. [PDF, 115KB]

(1956) Robert E.Wall: Engineering progress in machine translation. The Trend in Engineering at the University of Washington, July 1956; pp.9-15, 27-28. [PDF, 203KB]

(1956) Victor H.Yngve: Mechanical translation. Cambridge, Mass.:, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, [1956; not published] [PDF, 37KB]

(1955) J.P.Cleave & B.Zacharov: Language translation by electronics: novel application of digital computing machines. Wireless World 61, 1955; pp.433435. [PDF, 50KB]

(1955) Warren Weaver: The new tower. Foreword to: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp.v-vii.

(1955) Warren Weaver: Translation. [Reprint of memorandum written in July 1949.] In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 15-23.

(1953) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Machine translation. Computers and Automation 2 (5); pp.1-6. [PDF, 40KB]

(1953) Andrew D.Booth: Mechanical translation. Computers and Automation 2 (4), 1953; pp.6-8. [PDF, 25KB]

(1952) Olaf Helmer: The structure of the problem of mechanical translation. Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (One page abstract) [PDF, 42KB]

(1952) James W. Perry: Machine techniques for index searching and for machine translation. Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [PDF, 68KB]

(1952) Erwin Reifler: General mechanical translation and universal grammar. Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (Studies on Mechanical Translation, no.4) [PDF, 69KB]

(1949) Warren Weaver: Translation. 17 July 1949. [typescript], 13pp., [PDF, 88KB]; 13pp., photocopy of original [PDF, 296KB]

(1947) Warren Weaver & Norbert Wiener: [Correspondence, March-May 1947.]; original texts [PDF, 20KB]; photocopies of original typescripts [PDF, 75KB]

Government policy and MT (see also Research policy and surveys)

(1967) Bryce Nelson: Machine translation: committee skeptical over research support. Science 155 (1967); pp.58-59. [PDF, 25KB]

(1967) James P.Titus: The nebulous future of machine translation. Communications of the ACM, vol.10, no.3, March 1967; pp.189-191. [PDF, 626KB]

(1960) Robert M.Hayes: Summation by chairman [of Session 4: Methodology.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.225-226. [PDF, 37KB]

(1960) Thomas A.Sebeok: Summation by chairman [of Session 3: Current research]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.193-194. [PDF, 44KB]

(1960) Research on mechanical translation: report of the Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S.House of Representatives, Eighty-sixth Congress, Second Session, Serial d, June 28, 1960. United States Government Printing Office, Washington; 1960; 51pp. [PDF, 551KB]

Historical aspects

(1965) W.P.Lehmann: An experiment in machine translation. The Graduate Journal vol.7 (1); pp. 111-131. [PDF, 116KB]

(1961) Andrew .D.Booth: Progress in automatic language translation. Control, pt 1: October 1961; pp.103-105; pt 2: November 1961, pp.103-105. PDF, 318KB]

(1960) E.Delavenay: Machine translation of languages: research and organizational problems. Impact of Science on Society 10 (1960); pp.26-44. [PDF, 114KB]

(1960) D.Y.Panov: Machine translation and the human being. Impact of Science on Society 10 (1960); pp.16-25. [PDF, 125KB]

(1960) Erwin Reifler: Machine language translation. I. Historical outline. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.13-17. [PDF, 45KB]

(1958) A.D.Booth: The history and recent progress of machine translation. In: Aspects of translation (Studies in Communication 2). London: Secker & Warburg; pp.88-104. [PDF, 69KB]

(1957) Leon Dostert: Brief history of machine translation research. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.3-10. [PDF, 37KB]

(1957) W.N.Locke & V.H.Yngve: Research in translation by machine at M.I.T. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.510-514.

(1956) L.Brandwood: Previous experiments in mechanical translation. Babel 2 (3), October 1956; pp.125-127. [PDF, 28KB]

(1956) William N.Locke: Translation by machine. Scientific American, vol.194, no.1, January 1956; pp. 29-33. [PDF, 1002KB]

(1955) A.Donald Booth & William N.Locke: Historical introduction. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp.1-14.

Introductions to MT

(1960) Émile Delavenay: An introduction to machine translation. London: Thames and Hudson, 1960; ix,144pp.

(1960) D.Yu.Panov : Automatic translation. Translated from the Russian by R.Kisch, edited by A.J.Mitchell. New York, London, Oxford, Paris: Pergamon Press, 1960. iii, 73pp. [PDF, 665KB]

(1958) Andrew D.Booth, L.Brandwood, & J.P.Cleave: Mechanical resolution of linguistic problems. London: Butterworth, 1958; vii, 306pp.

(1956) A.Craig Reynolds: Mathematical linguistics – a new discipline. [With discussion by Garvin, Dostert, and others.] Report of the Seventh Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Study, ed. Paul Garvin, spring 1956 (Washington, D.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.201-211. [PDF, 455KB]

Language technology

(1963) Paul L.Garvin: A linguist’s view of language-data processing. In: Paul L.Garvin (ed.) Natural language and the computer (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963); pp.233-251. [PDF, 104KB]

(1960) Michael Levison: The application of the Ferranti Mercury computer to linguistic problems. Information and Control 2 (1960); pp.231-247. [PDF, 372KB]

(1959) Andrew D.Booth: Mechanical translation and its implications in data processing. Automatic Data Processing 1 (3), July 1959; pp.18-23. [PDF, 50KB]

Research (general) (see also General methodology)

(1967) David G.Hays: Computaional linguistics: research in progress at the RAND Corporation. TA Informations 1967, pt.1; pp.15-20. [PDF, 148KB]

(1958) H.P.Edmundson & D.G.Hays: Research methodology for machine translation, Mechanical Translation 5 (1), July 1958; pp. 8-15 [PDF, 147KB]

(1957) Erwin Reifler: Some new terminology, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 52-53 [PDF, 111KB]

(1951) W.F.Loomis: Present interest in mechanical translation. [New York: Rockefeller Foundation], March 6, 1951; 3pp. [PDF, 18KB]

Research policy and surveys (see also Government policy and MT)

(1960) E.Delavenay: Machine translation of languages: research and organizational problems. Impact of Science on Society 10 (1960); pp.26-44. [PDF, 114KB]

Standards for MT

Surveys and reviews: general

(1963) Anthony G.Oettinger: The state of the art of automatic language translation: an appraisal. Beiträge zur Sprachkunde und Inf ormationsverarbeitung, vol.2 (1963), 17-29. [PDF, 106KB]

(1963) Warren Plath: Mathematical linguistics. In: Christine Mohrmann, Alf Sommerfelt and Joshua Whatmough (eds.) Trends in European and American Linguistics 1930-1960 (Utrecht/Antwerp: Spectrum Publ., 1963); pp.21-57. [PDF, 296KB]

(1962) A.D.Booth: Machine translation – a challenge to the linguist. Incorporated Linguist 1 (3), April 1962; pp. 34-41 [PDF, 133KB]

(1961) Andrew .D.Booth: Progress in automatic language translation. Control, pt 1: October 1961; pp.103-105; pt 2: November 1961, pp.103-105. PDF, 318KB]

(1960) Franz L.Alt: The outlook for machine translation. Proceedings of the AFIPS Western Joint Computer Conference, Vol. 17. San Francisco, Calif., May 1960; pp.203-208. [PDF, 60KB]

(1960) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: The present status of automatic translation of languages. Advances in Computers 1, 91-163. [PDF, 353KB]

(1959) Max G.Kosarin: Language translation by machine. Journal of the SMPTE 68 (4), April 1959; pp.232-233. [PDF, 113KB]

(1959) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Report on the state of machine translation in the United States and Great Britain. Jerusalem, Israel: Hebrew University, 5th February 1959; 80pp. [PDF, 269KB]; original [PDF, 2203KB]

(1957) Paul L.Garvin: Machine translation. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.502-510.

(1956) William N.Locke: Translation by machine. Scientific American, vol.194, no.1, January 1956; pp. 29-33. [PDF, 1002KB]

(1955) Jacob Ornstein: Mechanical translation: new challenge to communication. Science 122 (21 October 1955); pp.745-748. [PDF, 198KB]

(1954) Andrew D.Booth: Calculating machines and mechanical translation. Discovery 15 (7), July 1954; pp.280-285. [PDF, 147KB]

(1954) Erwin Reifler: The first conference on mechanical translation, Mechanical Translation 1 (2), August 1954; pp. 23-32 [PDF, 144KB]

(1954) Victor H. Yngve: The machine and man, Mechanical Translation 1 (2), August 1954; pp. 20-22 [PDF, 53KB]

(1954) A.C. Reynolds: The conference on mechanical translation held at M.I.T., June 17-20, 1952', Mechanical Translation 1(3), December 1954; pp. 47-55 [PDF, 97KB]

(1951) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: The present state of research on mechanical translation. American Documentation 2 (4), 229-237. Reprinted (with amendments) as 'The state of machine translation in 1951' in: Y.Bar-Hillel, Language and information (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley,1964), 153-165. [PDF, 151KB]

(1951) W.F.Loomis: Mechanical translation [memorandum to Warren Weaver on current activity]. [New York]; Rockefeller Foundation, January 18, 1951; 4pp. [PDF, 22KB]

(1949) Translating machines? Scientific American, 181 (6), December 1949, p.20 [PDF, 72KB]

(1949) Warren Weaver: Translation. 17 July 1949. [typescript], 13pp., [PDF, 88KB]; 13pp., photocopy of original [PDF, 296KB]

Surveys and reviews: specific areas and countries

(1966) Language and machines: computers in translation and linguistics. A report by the Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee, Division of Behavioral Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. [Chairman: J.R.Pierce.] Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences – National Research Council, 1966. [14], 124pp. [Complete text , PDF, 1081KB; table of contents]

(1966) Ferenc Papp: Machine translation. Chapter 6 from: Mathematical linguistics in the Soviet Union (The Hague: Mouton, 1966; pp.100-126, [with bibliography, pp.138-165]. [PDF, 825KB]

(1966) P.Sgall & E.Hajičová: Computational linguistics in Czechoslovakia. Beiträge zur Linguistik und Informationsverarbeitung 8, 1966; pp.65-74. [PDF, 120KB]

(1964) Richard See: Mechanical translation and related language research. Science 144 (3619), 8 May 1964; pp.621-626. [PDF, 85KB]

(1963) Kenneth E.Harper: Machine translation. Current Trends in Linguistics, vol.1: Soviet and East European Linguistics. (The Hague: Mouton, 1963); pp.133-142. [PDF, 146KB]

(1963) Report from Hungary. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.31-32 [PDF, 100KB]

(1960) Kenneth Harper: Soviet research in machine translation. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.2-12. [PDF,55KB]

(1959) Paul L.Garvin: Some Soviet papers on machine translation. International Journal of Slavic Linguistics and Poetics 1 (2), 1959; pp.280-283. [PDF, 128KB]

(1959) O.S.Kulagina, A.I.Martynova, & T.M.Nikolayeva: Mechanical translation at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.867-879. [PDF, 73KB]

(1959) O.S.Kulagina: Work done by the USSR Academy of Sciences in the field of machine translation. Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); pp.219-220. [PDF]

(1959) I.A.Melchuk: Machine translation in the Soviet Union. Computers and Automation 8 (8), August 1959, 23-25. [PDF, 30KB]

(1958) A.P.Ershov: Automatic translation in the USSR. Mechanisation of thought processes: Proceedings of a symposium held at the National Physical Laboratory on 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th November 1958 (London: HMSO, 1959); pp.352-354. [PDF, 21KB]

(1958) Anthony G.Oettinger: A survey of Soviet work on automatic translation, Mechanical Translation 5 (3), December 1958; pp. 101-110 [PDF, 167KB]

(1958) Anthony G. Oettinger: A trip to the Soviet Union. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Computation Laboratory, Harvard University, August 1958; 6pp. [PDF, 24KB]

(1957) V.Ivanov: Report on the MT work in the USSR. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.533-535.

(1956) Andrew D.Booth: Present objectives of MT research in the United Kingdom. Babel 2 (3), October 1956; pp.108-110. [PDF, 34KB]

Terminology of MT

(1957) Erwin Reifler: Some new terminology, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 52-53 [PDF, 111KB]

Theoretical aspects (see also General methodology)

(1967) O.S.Kulagina & I.A.Mel’čuk: Automatic translation: some theoretical aspects and the design of a translation system. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.137-171.

(1967) I.A.Melchuk: Linguistics and automatic translation. International Social Science Journal 19 (1967); pp.64-78. [PDF, 203KB]

(1966) J.M.Lufkin: Human v. machine translation of foreign languages. The Incorporated Linguist 5(1), January 1966; pp.9-15. [PDF, 436KB]

(1965) Petr Sgall: Generation, production, and translation. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 16pp. [PDF, 90KB]

(1964) Mary Lu Joynes & W.P.Lehmann: Linguistic theories underlying the work of various MT groups. Linguistics 8 (1964); pp.62-71. [PDF, 111KB]

(1963) M.A.K.Halliday: Linguistics and machine translation. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 15 (1963); pp.145-157. [PDF, 166KB]

(1963) Sydney M. Lamb: Linguistic structure and machine translation. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.39.

(1962) Vyacheslav Ivanov: Cybernetics and the science of language. Modern Language Journal. Vol 46 (4), 1962; pp 158-159. [PDF, 22KB]

(1960) Paul L.Garvin: From model to procedure. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.367-370. [PDF, 50KB]

(1959) Martin Kay: The relevance of linguistics to mechanical translation. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML88] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), June 1959; 22pp. [PDF, 110KB]

(1959) Margaret Masterman: What is a thesaurus? In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML90] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), 1st June 1959; 80pp. [PDF, 342KB]

Theses and dissertations

(1960) Aristotelis D.Stathacopoulos: A possible application of electronic computers to the block analysis of Greek sentences. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.449-474. [PDF, 602KB]

(1954) Anthony G. Oettinger: A study for the design of an automatic dictionary. A thesis presented…for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy… Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April, 1954; chapter 1 [only]; 11pp. [PDF, 38KB]