Index of statistical and computational aspects

Machine Translation Archive

Index to statistical and computational aspects

Publications before 1970

For other periods go to: Publications since 2010; publications 2005-2009; publications 2000-2004; publications 1990-1999; publications 1970-1989

[To return to home page click here]

Character coding

(1964) Ron Hofmann: Tables for manual conversion between systems of Mandarin transliteration [paper with discussion]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.11-18.

(1964) Dick Markus: Five steps to Chinese mechanical translation [paper with discussion]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.39-59

(1964) R.See: [On Chinese telegraphic code]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.164-173.

(1963) John Lyons: Coding the Russian alphabet for the purposes of mechanical translation. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; pp.43-46 [PDF, 149KB]

(1957) B. Zacharov: A refinement in coding the Russian Cyrillic alphabet, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 76-78 [PDF, 122KB]

(1956) Phillip Arey: Structural analysis of Russian mechanical translation. Abstract of notes to be presented for discussion at the informal meetings preceding the International Conference on Mechanical Translation on 20 October 1956 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.; 1p. [PDF,11KB]

Computational complexity (see also Modularity)

(1969) Ching-Yi Dougherty: A pragmatic approach to machine translation from Chinese to English. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 38; 16pp. [PDF, 346KB]

(1962) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Four lectures on algebraic linguistics and machine translation. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 1-26. [PDF, 244KB]

(1961) G.H.Matthews: Analysis by synthesis of sentences of natural languages. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.532-540. [PDF, 35KB] [discussion]

Computer equipment and accessories [see also Compact disks, Microcomputers, Photoscopic store; Programming and algorithms]

(1964) IBM Language Processing Systems, December 15, 1964; 12pp. [PDF, 171KB]

(1965) A.D.Booth: Mechanical resolution of linguistic problems. In: Allen Kent and Orrin E.Taulbee (eds.) Electronic information handling, Washington, DC: Spartan Books, 1965; pp.41-50. [PDF, 89KB]

(1963) Leon E.Dostert & R.R.Macdonald: Georgetown University Machine Translation research project. General report 1952-1963. Occasional Papers on Machine Translation no.30, June 1963, prepared by R.R.Macdonald; xxi, 236pp. [PDF, 1087KB]

(1962) Andrew D. Booth: The kinds of machine now in use. In: Freeing the mind 4: articles and letters from the Times Literary Supplement April 13 1962. [London: Times.]; pp.24-31. [PDF, 36KB]

(1960) B.D.Blickstein: The high-speed general-purpose computers in machine translation. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.485-490. [PDF, 60KB]

(1960) David L.Johnson: The digital computer in machine translation. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.351-353. [PDF, 26KB]

(1960) D.Yu.Panov : Automatic translation. Translated from the Russian by R.Kisch, edited by A.J.Mitchell. New York, London, Oxford, Paris: Pergamon Press, 1960. iii, 73pp. [PDF, 665KB]

(1960) Robert E.Wall, Jr.: System design of a computer for Russian-English translation. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.491-510. [PDF, 129KB]

(1960) Willis Ware: Summation by chairman [of Session 11: equipment]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.519-520. [PDF, 46KB]

(1960) Session 2: Current research. Questions and discussion [by A.F.R.Brown, E.W.Cannon, G.W.King, A.G.Oettinger, M.E.Sherry, M.Zarechnak]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.133-135. [PDF, 49KB]

(1960) Session 11: equipment. Questions and discussion [by B.D.Blickstein, A.F.R.Brown, H.P.Edmundson, R.M.Hayes, D.A.Kellogg, J.Mersel, A.G.Oettinger, P.Toma]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.515-518. [PDF, 70KB]

(1959) Anthony G.Oettinger: Automatic (transference, translation, remittance, shunting). In: Reuben A.Brower (ed.) On translation (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959); pp.240-267. [Reprint: New York: Oxford University Press, 1966] [PDF, 272KB]

(1959) S.Takahashi, H.Wada, R.Tadenuma, & S.Watanabe: English-Japanese machine translation. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); pp.194-199. [PDF, 125KB]

(1959) V.H.Yngve: A model and a hypothesis for language structure. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1959; p.157. [PDF, 19KB]

(1958) W.S.Cooper: Compact encoding of reference data. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1958; pp.175-178. [PDF, 38KB]

(1958) William S.Cooper: The storage problem, Mechanical Translation 5 (2), November 1958; pp. 74-83 [PDF, 248KB]

(1958) Anthony G.Oettinger: An input device for the Harvard automatic dictionary, Mechanical Translation 5 (1), July 1958; pp. 2-7 [PDF, 582KB]

(1958) George W.Reitwiesner & Martin H.Weik: Survey of the field of mechanical translation of languages. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Ballistic Research Laboratories, Memorandum Report no.1147, May 1958; 63pp. [PDF, 182KB]

(1957) Paul L.Garvin: Machine translation. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.502-510.

(1957) Gilbert W.King: The requirements of lexical storage. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.79-87. [PDF, 48KB]

(1957) Richard B.Thomas: The use of SEAC in syntactic analysis. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.151-161. [PDF, 169KB]

(1955) A.Donald Booth: Storage devices. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 119-123.

(1955) Andrew D.Booth: Use of a computing machine as a mechanical dictionary. Nature, September 17, 1955; vol.176, p.565. [PDF,

(1955) J.P.Cleave & B.Zacharov: Language translation by electronics: novel application of digital computing machines. Wireless World 61, 1955; pp.433435. [PDF, 50KB]

(1955) R.H.Richens & A.D.Booth: Some methods of mechanized translation. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 24-46.

(1955) Peter Sheridan: Research in language translation on the IBM type 701. IBM Technical Newsletter 9 (January 1955); pp.5-24.[PDF, 248KB]

(1954) Andrew D.Booth: Calculating machines and mechanical translation. Discovery 15 (7), July 1954; pp.280-285. [PDF, 147KB]

(1954) T.M.Stout: Computing machines for language translation, Mechanical Translation 1 (3), December 1954; pp. 41-45 [PDF, 256KB]

(1953) Andrew D.Booth: Mechanical translation. Computers and Automation 2 (4), 1953; pp.6-8. [PDF, 25KB]

(1952) R.H.Richens & A.D.Booth: Some methods of mechanized translation. Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 15pp. [PDF, 178KB]

(1947) Andrew D.Booth & Kathleen H.V.Britten: General considerations in the design of an all purpose electronic digital computer. 2nd. Edition, August 1947. Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J. ; [iii], 24pp. [PDF, 821KB]

Customization and implementation

(1961) Paul W. Howerton: The parameters of an operational machine translation system. Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.108-111. [PDF, 131KB]

Cybernetics

(1962) Vyacheslav Ivanov: Cybernetics and the science of language. Modern Language Journal. Vol 46 (4), 1962; pp 158-159. [PDF, 22KB]

Distributional analysis

(1962) David G.Hays: An introduction to computational procedures in linguistic research. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 139-165. [PDF, 211KB]

(1961) Paul L. Garvin: Automatic linguistic analysis – a heuristic problem. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.656-669. [PDF, 44KB] [discussion]

(1961) K.E.Harper: Procedures for the determination of distributional classes. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.688-698. [PDF, 35KB] [discussion]

(1960) David G.Hays: Linguistic research at the RAND Corporation. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.13-25. [PDF, 203KB]

(1954) Anthony G. Oettinger: The distribution of word length in technical Russian, Mechanical Translation 1 (3), December 1954; pp. 38-40 [PDF, 111KB]

(1952) William E. Bull: Problems of vocabulary frequency and distribution. Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [PDF, 82KB]

Finite-state methods (see also Statistical analysis)

(1966) P.H.Matthews: A procedure for morphological encoding. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1, March 1966; pp.15-21 [PDF, 210KB]

(1961) W. Smoke & E. Dubinsky: A program for the machine translation of natural languages. Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.2-10. [PDF, 233KB]

(1959) V.H.Yngve: A model and a hypothesis for language structure. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1959; p.157. [PDF, 19KB]

Flexowriter

(1963) Sydney M.Lamb: Machine-aided translation. Berkeley: University of California, Sept.1963; 6pp. [PDF, 27KB]

Fulcrum approach

(1969) István Bátori: Disambiguating verbs with multiple meaning in the MT-system of IBM Germany. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 31; 17pp. [PDF, 467KB]

(1968) Paul L.Garvin: The place of heuristics in the fulcrum approach to machine translation. Lingua 21 (1968); pp.162-182. [PDF, 166KB]

(1967) Paul L.Garvin: The fulcrum syntactic analyzer for Russian. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 10pp. [PDF, 421KB]

(1967) Paul L.Garvin: Machine translation – fact or fancy? Datamation 13 (4), April 1967; pp.29-31. [PDF, 53KB]

(1963) Paul L.Garvin: Syntax in machine translation. In: Paul L.Garvin (ed.) Natural language and the computer (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963); pp.223-232. [60KB]

(1960) Paul L.Garvin: Syntactic retrieval. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.286-292. [PDF, 66KB]

(1959) P.L.Garvin: Syntactic information retrieval. Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); p.218. [PDF]

(1957) Paul L.Garvin, Dorita Lochak, Madeleine Mathiot, & Christine Anne Montgomery: Report of group II of the GU project in MT research. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, Institute of Languages & Linguistics Research Project in Machine Translation (Seminar Work Paper M-73), 1957; 22pp. [PDF, 44KB]

Information theory and MT

(1959) I.S.Reed: [contribution to] Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); p.218. [PDF]

(1956) Gilbert W.King: Stochastic methods of mechanical translation. Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 38-39 [PDF, 85KB]

(1955) Victor H. Yngve: Sentence-for-sentence translation. Mechanical Translation 2 (2), November 1955; pp. 29-37 [PDF, 188KB]

(1954) V.H.Yngve: Language as an error correcting code. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., April, 1954; pp.73-74. [PDF, 21KB]

(1954) V.H.Yngve: Mechanical translation. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1954; p.74. [PDF, 16KB]

(1949) Warren Weaver: The mathematics of communication. Scientific American, vol.181, no.1, July 1949; pp.11-15. [PDF, 194KB]

Lattices and networks

(1965) R.M.Needham: Applications of the theory of clumps. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.113-127 [PDF, 269KB]

(1965) E.D.Pendergraft & N.Dale: Automatic linguistic classification. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 37pp. [PDF, 1292KB]

(1963) Vincent E. Giuliano: Word and context association by means of linear networks. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.36

(1962) M.Kay: Rules of interpretation – an approach to the problem of computation in the semantics of natural language. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.318-321. [PDF, 147KB]

(1962) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: Syntax. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 167-203. [PDF, 212KB]

(1961) Margaret Masterman: Semantic message detection for machine translation, using an interlingua. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.438-474. [PDF, 109KB] [discussion]

(1961) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: A new model of syntactic description. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.26-60. [PDF, 114KB] [discussion]

(1961) A.F.Parker-Rhodes & M.Masterman: A new model of syntactic description (M.L.142). Repr. as The derivation of syntactic relations from a lattice model. In: K.Sparck Jones (ed.) A lattice model of syntactic description (M.L.147, [part II]) Cambridge: Cambridge Language Research Unit, July 1961; 29pp. [PDF, 106KB]

(1961) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: A general procedure for syntactic description (M.L.143). Repr. as The lattice properties of syntactic relations in an open language. In: K.Sparck Jones (ed.) A lattice model of syntactic description (M.L.147, [part 1]) Cambridge: Cambridge Language Research Unit, July 1961; 16pp. [PDF, 53KB]

(1961) K.Sparck Jones (ed.): The application of the Cambridge Language Research Unit model of syntactic description (M.L.145). Repr. as The relation between the theory and its application to programming syntactic analysis with a digital computer. In: K.Sparck Jones (ed.) A lattice model of syntactic description (M.L.147, [part III]) Cambridge: Cambridge Language Research Unit, July 1961; 32pp. [PDF, 123KB]

(1961) K.Sparck Jones (ed.) A lattice model of syntactic description [by] A.F.Parker-Rhodes and members of the Cambridge Language Research Unit (M.L.147.) Cambridge, July 1961.

(1959) Enrico Albani, Silvio Ceccato, & Enrico Maretti: Classifications, rules, and code of an operational grammar for machine translation. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.693-753. [PDF, 402KB]

(1959) Margaret Masterman: Classification, concept-formation and language. Presented at the Fourth Annual Conference of the British Society for the Philosophy of Science, September 1959. Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.57-80.

(1959) Margaret Masterman: What is a thesaurus? In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML90] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), 1st June 1959; 80pp. [PDF, 342KB]

(1959) R.M.Needham & A.F.Parker-Rhodes: This question of lattice theory. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML89] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), May 1959; 13pp. [PDF, 46KB]

(1959) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: Some recent work on thesauric and interlingual methods in machine translation. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.923-934. [PDF, 66KB]

(1959) K.Spärck Jones, R.M.Blackmore, & C.Wordley: Library for mechanical translation using punched card machinery. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML92, appendix II] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), [1959; 20pp. [PDF, 234KB]

(1957) M.A.K.Halliday: Report on the work in MT by the Cambridge Language Research Group, Cambridge, England. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.527-533.

(1956) M.Masterman: New techniques for analyzing sentences [Abstract]. Mechanical Translation 3 (1), July 1956; pp. 4-5 [PDF, 222KB]

(1956) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: Application of the lattice syntax-programme to the translation of the Italian paragraph, shewing in detail its transformation from output I to output II. Appendix to paper by Margaret Masterman, The potentialites of a mechanical thesaurus. (ML 2). Cambridge: CLRU, October 1956; 11pp. [PDF, 92KB]

(1956) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: Computer operations required for mechanical translation. Session on the computer in a non-arithmetic role, at the Convention on Digital-Computer Techniques, 12th April 1956. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol.103, part B: Supplement no.3 (1956); pp.453-455. [PDF, 54KB]

Learning and training

(1965) R.M.Needham: Applications of the theory of clumps. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.113-127 [PDF, 269KB]

(1963) John F. Tinker: Learning and translating by machines. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; pp.47-49 [PDF, 97KB]

(1959) S.Gorn: [contribution to] Discussion [of] I.K.Belskaya: Machine translation methods and their application to an Anglo-Russian scheme. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); p.217. [PDF]

(1959) R.J.Solomonoff: A progress report on machines to learn to translate languages and retrieve information. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.941-953. [PDF, 714KB]

Mathematical linguistics

(1964) F.Kiefer: Mathematical linguistics and machine translation in the Computing Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Computational Linguistics (Hungary) 2 (1964); pp.203-211. [PDF, 184KB]

(1963) Robert Abernathy: Mathematical linguistics. Current Trends in Linguistics, vol.1: Soviet and East European Linguistics (The Hague: Mouton, 1963); pp.113-132. [PDF, 590KB]

Natural language understanding

(1962) Ross Quillian: A revised design for an understanding machine. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.1, July 1962; pp.17-29 [PDF, 201KB]

Photoscopic store

(1965) Dan M.Bowers & Miles B.Fisk: The World’s Fair machine translator. Computer Design April 1965; pp.16-22, 25-26,28-29. [PDF, 327KB]

(1964) IBM Language Processing Systems, December 15, 1964; 12pp. [PDF, 171KB]

(1963) Gilbert W.King & Hsien-Wu Chang: Machine translation of Chinese. Scientific American 208, June 1963; pp.124-135 [with correspondence between Antony G.Oettinger and Gilbert W.King] [PDF, 315KB]

(1963) A.Opler, R.Silverstone, Y.Saleh, M.Hildebran, & I.Slutzky: The application of table processing concepts to the Sakai translation technique. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.40.

(1960) J.L.Craft, E.H.Goldman, & W.B.Strohm: A table-lookup machine for processing of natural languages.(Research report RC-307, July 5, 1960; revised February 27, 1961) New York: IBM); 30pp. [PDF, 808KB] on MT miscellanymz

(1960) Neil Macdonald: The photoscopic language translator. Computers and Automation, August 1960; pp.6-8. [PDF, 35KB]

(1959) Gilbert W.King: Final report on computer set AN/GSQ-16 (XW-1), vol.I: the photoscopic memory system. Yorktown Heights, New York (RADC-TR 59-110): IBM Research Center, June 20, 1959; [3], 25pp. [PDF, 1346KB]

(1958) George Shiner: The USAF automatic language translator, mark I. IRE National Convention Record, part 4, March 1958; pp.296-304. [imperfect copy, lacking figures on pages 302-304] [PDF, 55KB]

(1955) Gilbert W.King: A new approach to information storage. Control Engineering 2, August 1955; pp.48-53. [PDF, 282KB]

Predictive methods

(1966) Susumu Kuno: The augmented predictive analyzer for context-free languages – its relative efficiency. Communications of the ACM 9 (11), November 1966; pp.810-823. [note]

(1965) Susumu Kuno: The predictive analyzer and a path elimination technique. Communications of the ACM 8 (7), July 1965; pp.453-462. [note]

(1965) Susumu Kuno: A system for transformational analysis. Coling 1965: International Conference on Commputational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 48pp. [PDF, 1651KB]

(1963) Susumu Kuno & Anthony G.Oettinger: Syntactic structure and ambiguity of English. Proceedings of AFIPS 1963 Fall Joint computer Conference (New York: Spartan Books, 1963); vol.24, pp.397-418. [PDF, 308KB]

(1962) S.Kuno & A.G.Oettinger: Multiple-path syntactic analyzer. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.306-311. [PDF, 267KB]

(1962) Ida Rhodes & Franz L.Alt: The hindsight technique in machine translation of natural languages. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards – B. Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, Vol.66B, no.2, April-June 1962; pp.47-51. [PDF, 6861KB]

(1962) Ida Rhodes: Syntactic integration carried out mechanically. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 205-209. [PDF, 38KB]

(1960) F.Alt: National Bureau of Standards presentation. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; pp.18-20.

(1960) Anthony G.Oettinger & Murray E.Sherry: Current research on automatic translation at Harvard University and predictive syntactic analysis. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.173-182. [PDF, 102KB]

(1960) Ida Rhodes: The National Bureau of Standards method of syntactic integration. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.39-44. [PDF, 74KB]

(1959) Ida Rhodes: The NBS translation method. Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); pp.218-219. [PDF]

Programming and coding [see also Computer equipment and accessories, Dynamic programming, Parallel processing]

(1969) Harry H. Josselson: The lexicon: a system of matrices of lexical units and their properties. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 36; 25pp. [PDF, 689KB]

(1968) Paul L.Garvin: The place of heuristics in the fulcrum approach to machine translation. Lingua 21 (1968); pp.162-182. [PDF, 166KB]

(1968) Julie Beth Lovins: Development of a stemming algorithm. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1968; pp. 22-31 [PDF, 297KB]

(1967) Lois L.Earl: Automatic determination of parts of speech of English words. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1967; pp.53-67 [PDF, 583KB]

(1967) Gerhard Engelien: Programming of reversible systems in computational linguistics. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 5pp. [PDF, 227KB]

(1967) Paul L.Garvin: Machine translation – fact or fancy? Datamation 13 (4), April 1967; pp.29-31. [PDF, 53KB]

(1967) Steven I. Laszlo: The relevance of some compiler construction techniques to the description and translation of languages. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 10pp. [PDF, 424KB]

(1967) J.McDaniel, W.L.Price, A.J.M.Szanser, & D.M.Yates: An evaluation of the usefulness of machine translations produced at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, with a summary of the translation methods. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 18pp. [PDF, 752KB]

(1967) J.McDaniel, A.M.Day, W.L.Price, A.J.Szanser, S.Whelan, & D.M.Yates: Machine translation at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, England. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.229-266.

(1967) Paul O. Samuelsdorff: The application of FORTRAN to automatic translation. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 12pp. [PDF, 671KB]

(1967) Victor H.Yngve: MT at M.I.T. 1965. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.451-523.

(1966) Paul L. Garvin: Some comments on algorithm and grammar in the automatic parsing of natural languages. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1, March 1966; pp.2-3 [PDF, 106KB]

(1966) Susumu Kuno: The augmented predictive analyzer for context-free languages – its relative efficiency. Communications of the ACM 9 (11), November 1966; pp.810-823. [note]

(1966) P.H.Matthews: A procedure for morphological encoding. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1, March 1966; pp.15-21 [PDF, 210KB]

(1966) Jane Robinson: Endocentric constructions and the Cocke parsing logic. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1, March 1966; pp.4-9 [PDF, 195KB]

(1966) B. Vauquois, G. Veillon & J. Veyrunes: Syntax and interpretation. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.2, June 1966; pp.44-54 [PDF, 339KB]

(1965) A.Andreyewsky: Subclassification of parts of speech in Russian: verbs. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 11pp. [PDF, 468KB]

(1965) Dan M.Bowers & Miles B.Fisk: The World’s Fair machine translator. Computer Design April 1965; pp.16-22, 25-26,28-29. [PDF, 327KB]

(1965) Jared L. Darlington: Machine methods for proving logical arguments expressed in English. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.41-67 [PDF, 422KB]

(1965) Paul L. Garvin: Some comments on algorithm and grammar in the automatic parsing of natural languages. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 8pp. [PDF, 272KB]

(1965) O.S.Kulagina: Algorithms of mechanical translation. Information Processing 1965: proceedings of IFIP Congress 65, New York City, May 24-29, 1965 (Washington, D.C., Spartan Books, 1965); pp.59-64. [PDF, 159KB]

(1965) A.G. Oettinger: Automatic processing of natural and formal languages. Information Processing 1965: proceedings of IFIP Congress 65, New York City, May 24-29, 1965 (Washington, D.C., Spartan Books, 1965); pp.9-16. [PDF, 137KB]

(1964) David G. Hays: Connectability calculations, syntactic functions, and Russian syntax. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.32-51 [PDF, 359KB]

(1965) Arnold C. Satterthwait: Sentence-for-sentence translation: an example. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, no.2, February 1965; pp.14-38 [PDF, 603KB]

(1963) Robert S. Betz & Walter Hoffman: The use of a random access devices for dictionary lookup. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.33

(1963) Joyce M. Brady & William B. Estes: Concerning the role of sub-grammars in machine translation. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.33-34

(1963) J.L.Darlington: Logical evaluation of arguments stated in “format Q”. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1963; pp.265-268. [PDF, 30KB]

(1963) J.L.Darlington: An ordinary language input for a COMIT proof-procedure program. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1963; pp.174-176. [PDF, 23KB]

(1963) Jules Mersel: Programming aspects of machine translation. In: Paul L.Garvin (ed.) Natural language and the computer (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963); pp.233-251. [PDF, 129KB]

(1963) Warren J. Plath: Path economization in exhaustive left-to-right syntactic analysis. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.41

(1962) A.F.R.Brown: Automatic translation of languages. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 27-54. [PDF, 201KB]

(1962) J.A.Moyne: Georgetown automatic translation: general information and operation manual. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, Machine Translation Research, 1962; ii,27pp. [without appendices.] [PDF, 379KB]

(1962) Paul L.Garvin: The impact of language data processing on linguistic analysis. Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists, Cambridge, Mass., August 27-31, 1962 (The Hague: Mouton, 1964); pp.706-712. [PDF, 99KB]

(1962) Maurice Gross: On the equivalence of models of language used in the fields of mechanical translation and information retrieval. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 123-137. [PDF, 111KB]

(1962) K.C.Knowlton: Sentence parsing with a self-organizing heuristic program. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1962; pp.167-168. [PDF, 59KB]

(1962) Olga S. Koulagina: The use of computers in research on machine translation. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.301-305. [PDF, 55KB]

(1962) H.Schnelle: The programming of grammar. In: Symposium on Modern Techniques of Language Translation. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.329-330. [PDF]

(1961) D.W.Davies & A.M.Day: A technique for consistent splitting of Russian words. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.344-362. [PDF, 131KB]

(1961) Vincent E. Giuliano: A formula finder for the automatic synthesis of translation algorithms. Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.11-24. [PDF, 343KB]

(1961) David G. Hays: On the value of dependency connection. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.578-590. [PDF, 68KB] [discussion]

(1961) Olga S. Kulagina: Report on “Construction of a textual analysis algorithm with the aid of a computing machine”. [with] Discussion [by D.W.Davies]. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.613-614. [PDF, 63KB]

(1961) Sydney M. Lamb & William H. Jacobsen, Jr.: A high-speed large-capacity dictionary system. Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.76-107. [PDF, 640KB]

(1961) Y.Lecerf: Intrinsic machine addressing in automatic translation. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.284-312. [PDF, 132KB] [discussion]

(1961) Michael Levison: The mechanical analysis of language. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.562-574. [PDF,

(1961) J.McDaniel & S.Whelan: The grammatical interpretation of Russian inflected forms using a stem dictionary. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.364-377. [PDF, 123KB] [discussion]

(1961) G.H.Matthews: Recognition routine. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; pp.205-206.

(1961) P. Meile: On problems of address in an automatic dictionary of French. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.380-399. [PDF, 47KB] [discussion]

(1961) Lew R.Micklesen: Source-language specification with table lookup and high-capacity dictionary. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 318-340. [PDF, 193KB] [discussion]

(1961) Anthony G. Oettinger: Automatic syntactic analysis and the pushdown store. In: Structure of language and its mathematical aspects [ed. Roman Jakobson]. Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, 1961. (Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics, vol. XII); pp. 104-129.

(1961) A.F.Parker-Rhodes, R.McKinnon Wood, M.Kay & P.Bratley: The Cambridge Language Research Unit computer program for syntactic analysis (M.L.136). Repr. in: K.Sparck Jones (ed.) A lattice model of syntactic description (M.L.147, [part IV]) Cambridge: Cambridge Language Research Unit, July 1961; 45pp. [PDF, 197KB]

(1961) Ida Rhodes: A new approach to the mechanical syntactic analysis of Russian. Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.33-50. [PDF, 719KB]

(1961) W. Smoke & E. Dubinsky: A program for the machine translation of natural languages. Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.2-10. [PDF, 233KB]

(1961) Victor H. Yngve: Random generation of English sentences. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.66-80. [PDF, 146KB] [discussion]

(1961) V.H.Yngve: Status of research. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1961; pp.197-198. [PDF, 22KB]

(1960) A.F.R.Brown: Flexibility versus speed. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.444-450. [PDF, 57KB]

(1960) Ramon D.Faulk: A general-purpose language translation program for the IBM 650 computer. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.409-421. [PDF, 108KB]

(1960) Vincent E.Giuliano: The logic of automatic formula synthesis. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.462-471. [PDF, 100KB]

(1960) Hugh Kelly: MIMIC: a translator for English coding. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.451-461. [PDF, 91KB]

(1960) Hugh Kelly & Ted Ziehe: Glossary lookup made easy. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.325-334. [PDF, 84KB]

(1960) Michael Levison: The application of the Ferranti Mercury computer to linguistic problems. Information and Control 2 (1960); pp.231-247. [PDF, 372KB]

(1960) D.Lieberman & V.Yngve: Massachusetts Institute of Technology presentation. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; pp.6-8.

(1960) Ariadne Lukjanow: Report on some principles of the unified transfer system. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.88-120. [PDF, 158KB]

(1960) Jules Mersel: Research in machine translation at Ramo-Wooldridge. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.26-38. [PDF, 96KB]

(1960) Lew R.Micklesen: MT operational analysis. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.93-181. [PDF, 1358KB]

(1960) Lew R.Micklesen & Robert E.Wall: Logical programming research in the University of Washington machine translation project. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.485-492. [PDF, 323KB]

(1960) Anthony G.Oettinger: A new theory of translation and its applications. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.363-366. [PDF, 69KB]

(1960) D.Yu.Panov : Automatic translation. Translated from the Russian by R.Kisch, edited by A.J.Mitchell. New York, London, Oxford, Paris: Pergamon Press, 1960. iii, 73pp. [PDF, 665KB]

(1960) Robert E.Wall: The digital data-processing problem of machine translation of Russian to English. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.356-448. [PDF, 2202KB]

(1960) Willis Ware: Introduction [to Session 10: Programming.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); p.438. [PDF, 33KB]

(1960) Willis Ware: Summation by chairman [of Session 10: programming.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.480-481. [PDF, 45KB]

(1960) Victor H.Yngve: The COMIT system. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.439-443. [PDF, 51KB]

(1960) Victor H. Yngve: MT at MIT: the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.126-132. [PDF, 69KB]

(1960) Session 7; The dictionary. Questions and discussion [by A.F.R.Brown, G.Brown, V.Giuliano, R.M.Hayes, H.H.Josselson, G.W.King, S.M.Lamb, W.P.Lehmann, J.W.Marchand, J.Mersel, E.Reifler, I.Rhodes, T.Ziehe.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.343-353. [PDF, 78KB]

(1960) Session 8: Information processing and linguistic analysis. Questions and discussion [by G.Brown, H.P.Edmundson, P.L.Garvin, D.G.Hays, R.A.Kirsch, J.McDaniel, G.H.Matthews, A.G.Oettinger, V.Oswald, R.P.Stockwell.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.371-381. [PDF, 89KB]

(1960) Session 10: programming. Questions and discussion [by B.D.Blickstein, A.F.R.Brown, W.Jacobsen, H.Kelly, J.Mersel, A.G.Oettinger, P.Toma, V.H.Yngve]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.472-479. [PDF, 69KB]

(1959) Anthony V.Banes, Howard L.Engel, & Don R.Swanson: An instruction code for language processing. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.755-758. [PDF, 34KB]

(1959) Andreas Koutsoudas: Machine translation at the University of Michigan. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.765-770. [PDF, 39KB]

(1959) A.F.Parker-Rhodes & R.M.Needham: A reduction method for non-arithmetic data and its application to thesauric translation. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); pp.321-326. [PDF, 63KB]

(1959) V.H.Yngve: The COMIT system for mechanical translation. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Unesco, 1960); pp.183-187. [PDF, 53KB]

(1958) A.D.Booth: The history and recent progress of machine translation. In: Aspects of translation (Studies in Communication 2). London: Secker & Warburg; pp.88-104. [PDF, 69KB]

(1958) Andrew D.Booth: Translating machines (The Social Consequences of Automation.) International Social Science Bulletin 10; pp.55-62. [PDF, 55KB]

(1958) Victor H.Yngve: A programming language for mechanical translation, Mechanical Translation 5 (1), July 1958; pp. 25-41 [PDF, 282KB]

(1958) V.H.Yngve & G.H.Matthews: A compiler-interpreter for mechanical translation. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1958; p.176. [PDF, 19KB]

(1957) Dan A.Belmore: Programming aspects of MT. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.163-166. [PDF, 86KB]

(1957) J.P.Cleave: A type of program for mechanical translation, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 54-58 [PDF, 153KB]

(1957) John P. Cleave: A model for mechanical translation, Mechanical Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 2-4 [PDF, 102KB]

(1957) John P.Cleave: Report on the work in MT at Birkbeck College, University of London. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.535-537.

(1956) I.S.Mukhin: An experiment on the machine translation of languages carried out on the BESM. Session on the computer in a non-arithmetic role, at the Convention on Digital-Computer Techniques, 12th April 1956. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol.103, part B: Supplement no.3 (1956); pp.463-472. [PDF, 176KB]

(1956) Robert E.Wall: Some of the engineering aspects of the machine translation of languages. Communication and Electronics 75 (1), November 1956; pp.580-585. [PDF, 193KB]

(1955) William E.Bull, Charles Africa, & Daniel Teichroew: Some problems of the “word”. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 86-103.

(1955) Kenneth E.Harper: A preliminary study of Russian. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 66-85.

(1955) Victor H.Yngve: Syntax and the problem of multiple meaning. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 208-226.

Punched cards

(1959) E.W.Bastin & R.M.Needham: A new research technique for analysing language. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML92] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), May 1959; 13pp. [PDF, 72KB]

(1959) A.F.Parker-Rhodes & C.Wordley: Mechanical translation by the thesaurus method using existing machinery. Journal of the SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) 68 (4), April 1959; pp. 236-239. [PDF, 61KB]

(1959) Joy M.Staniforth: General schema of a thesauric translation programme using a punched card technique. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML92, appendix I] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), June 1958; 5pp. [PDF, 34KB]

(1955) James W. Perry: Translation of Russian technical literature by machine: notes on preliminary experiments, Mechanical Translation 2 (1), July 1955; pp. 15-24 [PDF, 232KB]

(1952) R.H.Richens & A.D.Booth: Some methods of mechanized translation. Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 15pp. [PDF, 178KB]

Statistical analysis

(1969) G.Salton: Automatic processing of foreign language documents. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 4; 29pp. [PDF, 755KB]

(1967) Kathleen H.V.Booth: Machine aided translation with a post-editor. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.51-76.

(1965) A.D.Booth: Mechanical resolution of linguistic problems. In: Allen Kent and Orrin E.Taulbee (eds.) Electronic information handling, Washington, DC: Spartan Books, 1965; pp.41-50. [PDF, 89KB]

(1965) Kenneth E. Harper: Measurement of similarity between nouns. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 23pp. [PDF, 769KB]

(1965) Swaminathan Madhu & Dean W.Lytle: A figure of merit technique for the resolution of non-grammatical ambiguity. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, no.2, February 1965; pp.9-13 [PDF, 167KB]

(1963) Kenneth E. Harper: A study of the combinatorial properties of Russian nouns. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.36

(1962) L.B.Doyle: Statistical semantics. In: Panel on Semantics and Syntactics. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.335-336. [PDF]

(1958) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: The use of statistics in language research, Mechanical Translation 5 (2), November 1958; pp. 67-73 [PDF, 137KB]

(1957) Martin Joos: Meaning in relation to MT. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.13-18. [PDF, 131KB]

(1957) Andreas Koutsoudas: Mechanical translation and Zipf’s law. Language 33, 545-552. [PDF, 152KB]

(1956) Gilbert W.King: Stochastic methods of mechanical translation, Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 38-39 [PDF, 85KB]

(1956) David G. Hays: A projected study of semantic ambiguity. Santa Monica, California: RAND Corporation: September 24, 1956; 2pp. [PDF, 14KB]

(1956) Gilbert W.King & Irving L.Wieselman: Stochastic methods of machine translation. [Los Angeles], International Telemeter Corporation, September 21, 1956; 10pp. [PDF, 33KB]

(1956) Victor H.Yngve: Gap analysis and syntax. IRE Transactions on Information Theory, vol.IT-2, no.3 (1956); pp.106-112. [PDF, 80KB]

(1955) D.A.Bell & Alan S.C.Ross: Negative entropy of Welsh words [with discussion]. In: Information theory: papers read at a symposium on ‘Information theory’ held at the Royal Institution, London, September 12th to 16th, 1955; edited by Colin Cherry, London: Butterworths Scientific Publications, 1956; pp.149-153. [PDF, 98KB]

(1954) Anthony G. Oettinger: The distribution of word length in technical Russian, Mechanical Translation 1 (3), December 1954; pp. 38-40 [PDF, 111KB]

(1954) V.H.Yngve: Mechanical translation. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1954; p.74. [PDF, 16KB]

(1952) William E. Bull: Problems of vocabulary frequency and distribution. Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [PDF, 82KB]

System development (see also Customization and implementation)

(1961) H.P.Edmundson, K.E.Harper, D.G.Hays, & B.J.Scott: Studies in machine translation—8: Manual for postediting Russian text. Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.63-71. [PDF, 240KB]